Isiphetho:Okwamanje, njengengqalasizinda ehamba phambili yokuhlinzeka nokufuna kwemakethe yesihlabani nesihlabani, isihlabani esenziwe ngemishini sinikeza ukwesekwa okuqinile kwezinsiza zokwakha ingqalasizinda, ukulawula amanzi nokukhuphula amandla, imboni ye-chemistry, njll.

Okwamanje, njengengqalasizinda ehamba phambili yokuhlinzeka nokufuna kwemakethe yesihlabani nesihlabani, isihlabani esenziwe ngemishini sinikeza ukwesekwa okuqinile kwezinsiza zokwakha ingqalasizinda, ukulawula amanzi nokukhuphula amandla,

machine-made sand

Ngezansi izici eziyisishiyagalombili mayelana nemikhawulo ye-sand eyenziwe yimishini.

1, Ukuchazwa kwe-sand eyenziwe yimishini

Ngokwezindinganiso zezwe, yonke i-sand eyenziwe yimishini kanye ne-sand ehlangene, ezilungiswe ngokukhishwa komhlabathi, ziqoshwe njenge-sand yemvelo. Ukucaciswa okukhethekile kwe-sand eyenziwe yimishini kuyinto yezinto ezincane zeqhwa ezinengakanani ephansi kwe-4.75mm, eyenziwe ngokucindezelwa kwemekhanikhi nokuhlola, kodwa ayikho iqhwa elikhulu nelingcolile.

2, Imikhawulo ye-sand eyenziwe yimishini

Namanje, isihlabathi se-artificial siyisitsha esiyisiqeshana-sikhulu sesihlabathi, i-fineness modulus ikhona phakathi kuka-2.6 no-3.6, ukulinganisa kwama-particle kuyimfihlo futhi kungashintshwa, futhi kuqukethe inani elithile le-stone powder. Ngaphandle kokukhishwa kwama-150μm okwandisiwe, okukhishwayo okuseleyo yi-triangular noma i-rectangular body, i-rough surface, nama-sharp edges.

Nokho, ngenxa yemithombo ehlukene ye-ore yokukhiqiza umlambo owenziwe yimishini kanye nemishini nezinqubo ezihlukene zokukhiqiza nokuqeqeshwa, uhlobo lwe-grain kanye nokulinganisa komlambo owenziwe yimishini kungaba nokungafani okukhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umlambo othile owenziwe yimishini ungaba nomkhiqizo oqeqeshwe njengezinto ezifana nezindonga futhi ukulinganisa kwesisekelo kwemiqansa kuhluke kakhulu, kodwa uma nje ungafanelekela zonke izimpawu zokusebenza zomlambo owenziwe ngabantu emthethweni wabantu, kungasetshenziswa emakonkrethi nasemakhonkrementini.

Lezo ezingafikisi izidingo zetekhnoloji zomkhawulo wezwe lothuli lwe-sand lwe-artificial, zingasetshenziswa ngokushesha, ngoba umkhawulo nomkhawulo walo ungaguqulwa futhi uthuthukiswe. Izici ezingenhla zolwimi oluhlangene zithambile ngesilinganiso sokuxuba kwethuli elenziwe yimishini.

Izindinganiso zethuli elenziwe yimishini zihlukaniswe zibe izinhlobo ezine ngokusekelwe ku-finess modulus (Mx): elikhulu, elingqongqo, elincane kanye nelincane kakhulu:

I-finess modulus yethuli elikhulu yi-3.7-3.1, futhi isikali esingaphezulu kwayo siwuhhafu we-mm.

Umlingano wokulinganisa ukhulu lwomfutho oqeqeshwe yi-medium sand: 3.0-2.3, isikali esingaphezulu sezithakazelo yimilimitha 0.5-0.35,

Umlingano wokulinganisa ukhulu lwomfutho oqeqeshwe yi-fine sand yi 2.2-1.6, kanti isikali esingaphezulu sezithakazelo yimilimitha 0.35-0.25;

Umlingano wokulinganisa ukhulu lwomfutho oqeqeshwe yi-extra-fine sand yi 1.5-0.7, kanti isikali esingaphezulu sezithakazelo singaphansi kwemilimitha 0.25;

Umlingano wokulinganisa ukhulu oqeqeshwe yi-sand, oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand, oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand, oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand, oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand, kanti umlingano wokulinganisa ukhulu oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand, kanti umlingano wokulinganisa ukhulu oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe 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yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand oqeqeshwe yi-sand.

3, Izinga kanye nokusetshenziswa komfutho owenziwe yimishini

Izinga: Izinga lomfutho owenziwe yimishini lihlukaniswe ziyizigaba ezintathu: I, II, no III ngokuvumelana nezidingo zokuhlakanipha.

Use:

I-santi iqoqwa yi-Class I iyasebenza ekwakheni i-concreti enamakhwaliti amakhulu kunamakhwaliti e-C60;

I-santi iqoqwa yi-Class II iyasebenza ekwakheni i-concreti enamakhwaliti e-C30-C60 kanye nokukhuseleka kwe-frost, ukungavumeli ukungena kwamanzi noma eminye imfuneko;

I-santi iqoqwa yi-Class III iyasebenza ekwakheni i-concreti nama-mortar wokwakha enamakhwaliti amancane kunamakhwaliti e-C30.

4, Izidingo zesanti eyenziwe ngemishini

Ubukhulu bezinhlayiya zesanti eyenziwe ngemishini buphakathi kwama-4.75-0.15mm, futhi kukhona umkhawulo othile wamalengiso e-stone powder amancane kunama-0.075mm. Ubukhulu bezinhlayiya bayo buyi-4.75, 2.36, 1.18, 0.60, 0.30, no-0.15. Ubukhulu bezinhlayiya kufanele buqhubeke.

5. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlayiya zomatshe okwenziwe yimishini

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlayiya zomatshe kubhekisela ekulinganiseni kwezinhlayiya zomatshe. Uma kuyimatshe enezinhlayiya ezingaphezulu, isikhala phakathi kwazo siyakhulu; uma kulinganiswa izinhlayiya zomatshe ezimbili ezahlukene, isikhala phakathi kwazo siyancipha; uma kulinganiswa izinhlayiya zomatshe ezintathu ezahlukene, isikhala siyancipha. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukukhula komatshe kuncike ekuhambelane kwesakhiwo sezinhlayiya zomatshe. I-sand eyi-well-graded ayigcini kuphela isamente, kodwa futhi iphonsa phansi ukugcwala nokuqina kwamaconcreti namamortar.

6, Izinto zokusetshenziswa zokukhiqiza usinki owenziwe ngomshini

Izinto zokusetshenziswa zokwenza usinki owenziwe ngomshini ngokuvamile ziyi-granite, basalt, i-river pebble, i-cobblestone, i-andesite, i-rhyolite, i-diabase, i-diorite, i-sandstone, i-limestone nezinye izinhlobo. Usinki owenziwe ngomshini uhlukaniswa ngezinhlobo zamatshe, ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene bokusebenza nokusetshenziswa.

7, Izimfuneko zesimo sesihlabani se-usinki owenziwe ngomshini

Amatshe asikwe okwakhiwo anezilinganiso eziqinile ezimayelana namangqamuzana anoshaya. Isizathu esikhulu ukuthi amangqamuzana ayisicaba anomkhawulo nemiphetho, okungaba nomthelela wokuvikela phakathi kwamangqamuzana. At the

Imiphumela yomshini owenziwe nge-sand

Imiphumela yekonkrithi eyenziwe nge-sand eyenziwe ngomshini: ukwehla kwesuntlu futhi kube nomandla okwakhiwa yi-konkrithi ye-28d; uma kuhlale kuqiniswe isuntlu, izidingo zamanzi zikhula. Kodwa ngokusekelwe ekuthi kungangezwa isimendi, uma inani lamanzi-simendi likhula, amandla akhomba konkrithi awonaki.

Uma inani lekonkrithi liqhubeka ngokuvumelana nomthetho we-sand yemvelo, izidingo zamanzi ze-sand eyenziwe ngomshini zikhulu, ukusebenza kwayo kuncane kakhulu, futhi kulula ukuba kube nomthamo omkhulu, ikakhulukazi

Indlela yokulinganisa izingxenye zekhonkrithi evamile, imithetho yokulinganisa izingxenye zekhonkrithi evamile, isebenza ngokuphelele kwesihlabathi esenziwe yimishini. Isihlabathi esenziwe yimishini esifanelekayo kakhulu sokwenza ikhonkrithi sihlanganisa i-fineness modulus phakathi kuka-2.6 no-3.0 kanye ne-gradation ye-class II.

9, Izindinganiso zokuhlola isihlabathi esenziwe yimishini

Izwe liqeqeshwe izindinganiso zokuhlola i-fine aggregate, futhi izinto ezibalulekile zokuhlola zihlanganisa: umthamo oqondile oqhathaniswayo, ukuqinile, ukuba khona kwemhlabathi, i-sand equivalent, i-methylene blue value, i-angularity, njll.