Umhlahlandlela Wokucubungula Igolide: Kusukela Kwi-Ore Kuya KuMsebenzi Osezingeni Eliphezulu

Isiphetho:Umhlahlandlela ophelele wokucubungula igolide, uhlinzeka ngokwakhiwa kwezitshalo kusukela ekutholeni kuya ekusebenzeni. Funda ngamakhono ayinhloko wokuthuthukiswa njenge-cyanidation ne-flotation ukuze uthole ukuphindaphindeka okukhulu.

Ukuqonda Igolide

Golide, insimbi eyigugu futhi ekhanga kakhulu emhlabeni, ibonise ubuthebe kanye nokuqina kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Ekutholeni kwanamuhla nasezinhlelweni zezimali, igolide isikhonza hhayi nje njengephetheli yokuhlala kwemali kodwa futhi njengesithako esibalulekile sokukhiqiza kwezokwakha, ukukhiqiza amathotho, nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe obuphakeme. Ukukhula kwayo, ukuncibilika okuphezulu, kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwenza igolide kube isivikelo esibalulekile sokubuyisa isikhathi eside kanye nokunciphisa ubungozi ekutshalweni kwezimali kokutholwa.

Izimo Zemvelo Zegolide: I-Golidi Eyinhloko Nezinsalela

Iziqholo zegolide zihlukaniswe ezintweni ezintathu eziyisisekelo, ngayinye inezimo zejiologiya ezihluke, amazinga, kanye nezinqubo zokuhlukanisa.

Igolide Elikhulu

Ugolide Wesibili

Distribution ye-Gold Deposit Emhlabeni Jikelele

Ngokweminyaka ka-2024, ukukhiqizwa kwegolide emhlabeni jikelele kuyi-3,600 tonnes, nezinsiza eziyimpumelelo ezilinganiselwa ku-59,000 tonnes. Izinsiza zegolide ziqinile zikhona futhi ziqinile ezwenikazi ezifana ne-Australia, iRussia, iChina, eCanada, kanye ne-United States. Phakathi kwalokhu, i-Afrika, enezinzuzo zomhlaba kanye nezinqubomgomo zokutshalwa kwezimali ezinhle, seyibe yindawo ekhula ngenani elikhulu lokutshalwa kwezimali emkhakheni wezokumba emhlabeni.

Uhlelo Lokwakha Isikhungo Sokucubungula Igolide

Ukwakhiwa kwesitshalo kuyiphrojekthi eyinkimbinkimbi, enobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene edinga imali enkulu nezikhathi zokwakha ezinde. Kumele ilandele ukuhlela okunembe kokuqinisekisa ukuvuma kwezobuchwepheshe, ukukwazi kwezezimali, kanye nokuhambisana ne-ESG.

1. Ukuhlola

Inhloso:Chaza ukusatshalaliswa kwesikhumba se-ore, ibanga, nezinqolobane ukuze kwenziwe izinqumo zesayensi.

Imisebenzi Ebalulekile:

• Ucwaningo Lwe-Desktop:Hlaziya idatha ye-geological, amashadi, kanye nezincwadi ukuze uthole imigomo.
• Ukuhlinzekwa Kwamaphuzu Nezivivinyo:Phumelela ucwaningo lwezintaba olwakhiwe kahle.
• Izifundo zeGeophysical/Geochemical:Sebenzisa amamagnetic/izikhala ze-GPR ukubona imithi.
• Ukubhoboza:Thola izingxenye ezisemqoka zokuhlola nokwakhiwa kwezinsiza.
• Ukulinganiswa kwezinsiza:Dala ama-2D/3D kwimodeli yokulinganisa usayizi, ibanga, kanye nokusebenza.

Uphenyo:Umbiko wezinsiza/mphakathi wezimayini.

2. Ukuhlela & Umklamo

Inhloso:Dala imigqa yokukhiqiza esebenza kahle, enempumelelo, futhi ephephile.

Imisebenzi Ebalulekile:

• Izifundo Zokufezekisa:Hlola ubuchwepheshe nezomnotho bokusebenza.
• Uvumelekile & Ukuxhasa mali:Thola imvume yemvelo kanye nezimali.
• Idizayini Yemayini:Hlela im infrastructure, izindlela zokufinyelela, izindlela zokumba (ivuleka-pit/yangaphansi), Umklamo Wokukhishwa, Umklamo Wokuthuthukiswa kanye ne-Design ye-Taillings.
• Ukulungiselela Isiza:Qinisekisa izindlela zokufinyelela, izinsiza, kanye nokususa umhlabathi ophakeme.

Uphenyo:Umbiko Wendlela Yokuphumelela, Ukuklama Imayini

3. Ukwakha

Inhloso:Qinisekisa ukwakhiwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu ukuze kusebenza ngokushesha.

Imisebenzi Ebalulekile:

• UkuThenga:Ukuthengwa komhlaba jikelele kwe-crushers, ama-ball mills, ama-flotation cells, ama-thickeners, ama-filters, amapompo, ama-valves, nezinhlelo zokusebenza.
• Imisebenzi Yezokwakha:Ukulinganisa indawo, imigwaqo, izisekelo zezitshalo, ukuvulela izakhiwo, idamu lokuqala lezakhiwo zokugcina imfucumfucu (TSF).
• Ukufakwa Kwezinsiza & Ukuqaliswa:
  • Faka futhi ufanise imishini yokuphahlazeka, yokugaya, yokuhlukanisa, yokukhulisa, nokuhlanza ngokwezinqubo zokugeleza.
  • Faka imifantu, kagesi, nezinhlelo zokwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo.
  • Ukuhlolwa kwempahla eyodwa: Qinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-unit eyodwa.
  • Ukuhlolwa komthwalo: Gijima ngensimbi/amanzi, ngokweqile uphakamise ku-capacity yokwakha nezilinganiso.

Uphenyo:Implant eseqalisiwe enokudla.

4. Ukusebenza & Ukugcinwa

Inhloso:Ukusebenza okuphephile, okuqinile, okusebenza kahle, okungalungile.

Imisebenzi Ebalulekile:

• Imayini ye-Ore & Ukuthutha:
  • Ukubhoboza & Ukuchoboza:Uhlobo lwamatshe lokumba.
  • Ukulayisha & Ukuthutha:Thutha ithonjana engozini ngezikhumulo/amatruck.
• Ukukhiqiza: Gijima ukubhujiswa, ukugaya, ukuhlukanisa, ukwandisa, ukuhlunga ngokwakhiwa. Phatha amapharamitha abalulekile (nosho lokugaya, umthamo we-reagent, isikhathi sokuhluza, ubukhulu bokuhlunga).
• Ukugcinwa: Ukuhlola okuqhubekayo, ukugcina, nokushintsha izingxenye ukuhlinzeka ngenkathi yokuphila.
• Ukwontrola Ikhwalithi:Hlola ukudla, izikhungo, kanye nokugxilisa; lungisa izinqubo ukuze zihlangabezane nezincazelo. Ukuphathwa Kokuphepha: Qalisa ama-protocol, ukuqeqeshwa, PPE, nezinhlelo zokuphendula eziphuthumayo.

Uphenyo:Ufeziwe imigomo yokukhiqiza.

5. Ukuthengiswa & Izokwakha

Inhloso:Ukuguqulwa kwenani okusheshayo, okuphephile, okuphansi kwezindleko.

Imisebenzi Ebalulekile:

• Izinga Lokuhlola:Ukutholwa/ukulungiswa/ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile ukuze kutholakale umugqa wokugcina wokuhlala.
• Isivumelwano Sokuthenga:Izivumelwano zansuku zonke ezisekelwe kum preços wemakethe.
• Transporta ukugcinwa:Thumela nge-truck/rail/ulwandle ngezinyathelo zokuvikela ukuze kugcinwe ikhwalithi.

Uphenyo:Umphumela wezindleko.

6. Ukuphathwa Kwamathala Ne-ESG

Inhloso:Hlanganisa ukuphepha, ukuziphatha kwemvelo, kanye nokuhambisana nomphakathi.

Imisebenzi Ebalulekile:

• Ukukhishwa Kwezinsalela:Ithuli elitholakala ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza lidluliselwa ngezinhlelo zokuhamba noma ezinye izindlela liya endaweni yokugcina ithuli (TSF) ukuze ligcinwe.
• TSF ukuphathwa:Qhubeka uqapha ubuqina bemifula, uku leaking, kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi; ngasikhathi sinye, sebenzisa izinyathelo zokuvikela imvelo ezidingekayo njenge ukufaka ama-liners angangeni manzi kanye nokwakha izikhungo zokuhlunga amanzi angcoliswe ukuze uvimbele ukungcoliswa.
• Ukusetshenziswa Okugcwele KwezimfucuzaPhinda kabusha noma ngokwehlukanisela kahle i-tailing ukuze ubuyise izinto ezibalulekile, noma usebenzise njengezinto zokwakha, zokugcwalisa izindawo ezikhishwe, njll., ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukuhwalala kwe-tailing, kunciphisa umthelela kwezemvelo, futhi kukhulu ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza.
• Ukubuyiselwa Kwezemvelo:Uma sefinyelele emandleni okwakhiwa, vala futhi ubuyise i-TSF ngezindlela zokuvuselela roshakhe nezokubuyisela umhlaba.

Izinqubo Zokuthuthukiswa Kwegolide Ejwayelekile

Inqubo yokukhetha incike kuhlobo lwe-ore, usayizi wokukhululwa, i-mineralogy, nezomnotho. Imigudu eyinhloko ihlanganisa Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Gravitational, Ukufuthwa, i-Cyanidation, kanye Nezinqubo Ehlanganisiwe.

Ukwahlukanisa ngokushukumisa

Ukuhambisana:Ilungile emakhaleni akhishwe ngezimpande nezinsimbi eziyinqaba ezinezindlalifa ezikhulu. Iph需要 njengezinto ezinkulu, umehluko omkhulu wesisindo, kanye nokuphuma okuphansi (isb., ama-alluvial, izikhumbuzo ze-glacial).

Isimiso:Yisebenzisa isisindo esikhulu segolide (~19.3 g/cm³) uma kuqhathaniswa ne-gangue. Ukuhlukaniswa kwenzeka nge-dynamics ye-fluid/umbiko ophakeme ezikhungweni zokuhlukanisa ezisebenzisa amandla obukhulu.

Imikhawulo Ejwayelekile:

• 1.Ukuhlulwa Okuyinhloko & Ukuhlola (ukususa udoti)
• 2.Ukugxila KweGravity (Spiral Chute / Jig / Shaking Table)
• 3.Ukuthuthukiswa KweConcentrate & Ukujula → Ukugxila kwegolide okuphezulu.
• 4.I-Tailings: Phinda ulungiselele noma uthumele ku-flotation/cyanidation.

Izinzuzo:Izindleko eziphansi, kalula, akukho kemikhali, ukubuyiselwa okuqondile: 85%-90%.

Ububi:Ukubuyiselwa okuphansi kwegolide elincane; ukusebenza okulinganiselwe kwegolide elinobumba obuningi noma elimojuliwe.

Ukwahlukanisa ngokushushuluza

Ukuhambisana:Indlela eyinhloko yokuthola igolide elijwayelekile / elincane kanye negolide ehambisana ne-sulfide (pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite). Isetshenziswa ku-~20% yamaphrojekthi egolide emhlabeni jikelele ezindaweni zedigrafu noma ezinzima.

Isimiso:Iziphumo zihluka ekubeni nendawo ye-hydrophobicity. Iziqhumiso (abakhiphi/abakhiphi) zenza igolide/sulfides zibe ne-hydrophobic, zixhunywa kumagagasi omoya ukuze kutholwe i-froth.

Imikhawulo Ejwayelekile:

• 1.Ukudiliza & Ukugaya (uku -200 mesh, 60%-80% passing).
• 2.Ukuqopha: Engeza abakhiphi/ababhalani; ukukhiqiza i-bulk concentrate.
• 3.Ukuhlanza: Thuthukisa umkhiqizo we-concentrate.
• 4.Ukuphanga: Thola igolide elisele kwi-tails. 5.I-concentrate: Ukuphosa ngqo noma i-cyanidation.

Izinzuzo:Impumelelo kwi-gold eyinhlobonhlobo/eyigxile.

Ububi:Ikhulu; idinga amakhemikhali; izindleko eziphezulu zokusebenza & ukulawulwa kwemvelo.

I-Cyanidation

Ukuhambisana:Inqubo yokukhipha igolide emhlabeni etholakalayo (>90% yegolide). Ifanele izinto eziningi, kuhlanganise ne-oxides eziphansi, igolide elihle, kanye ne-flotation concentrates.

Isimiso:Ibhodi lincibilikile kusefani se-alcaline cyanide ukwenza [Au(CN)2]- complex. Ibuyele nge-carbon adsorption (CIP/CIL) noma ukuncibilika kwe-zinc.

Imikhawulo Ejwayelekile:

• 1.Ukuphuca & Ukugaya (uku-200 mesh, 80%-90% passing).
• 2.UkuLeaching kweCyanide (CIL/CIP): Ibhodi lincibilikile emanzini.
• 3.Adsorption/Elution: I-activated carbon ibamba ibhodi eliyinkimbinkimbi; ikhululiwe & ikhokhisiwe ukuze ibe yithuli le-gold.
• 4.Ukushisa → I-gold ephezulu.

Izinzuzo:Ithanda ubuchwepheshe; ukuphuma okuphezulu (90%-97%); ukufaneleka okubanzi.

Ububi:ICyanide enobuthi (ukulawulwa kwemvelo okuqinile); ifuna ukwelashwa kwemvume yokusebenza kwamakhemikhali/arsenical (ukubilisa/POX).

Ukuthola kweHeap (Ukumbiwa kwezinsiza nge-Cyanide Heap Leach)

Ukuhambisana:Imaminerali ephephile ye-oxide (okuvamile 0.5-1.5g/t) enegolide eyakhelwe kahle. Ifuna ukungena kahle (amakhla aphansi). Izinhloso: I-ROM ephephile, udoti, ama-tailing amadala.

Isimiso:10000 Tons Heap Leaching Design For Gold I-solutions ye-NaCN ehlukile idlula emehlweni akhiwephakade. Igolide iyanyamalala ekuxubeni: 4Au + 8NaCN + O2+ 2H2O → 4Na[Au(CN)2] + 4NaOH Isixazululo esithwathwa; igolide ibuyiswa nge-carbon adsorption → elution/electrowinning.

Izinzuzo:Ukwehliswa kwe-CAPEX/OPEX, amandla aphansi; izinqubo zekhwalithi ephansi; flexible/scalable.

Ububi:Uxhaso oluphansi (60%-85%); umjikelezo isikhathi eside (amasonto/izinyanga); ukuhamba kwemali okukhulu; imvelo ecacile (ibanda/imvula); ubungozi bokungcoliswa kwemvelo.

Inkokhelo Yezindleko Ngemuva Kwenziwa Kwenzuzo

Ukukhulisa inani leziqu ngokuvuselela i-ore ephansi ibe yimikhiqizo eyinani eliphezulu. Imodeli zebhizinisi ezivamile:

Ukuthengisa I-Gold Concentrate:Ukuthengiswa ngqo kubashisi. Isikhathi semali esifushane; kugwema ubungozi bokushiswa (kufaneleka kakhulu kwizinhlelo zokuqala ezibhekene nezimali ezinqunyiwe).

UKuthengiswa Kwegolide Dore/Ingots:Ukushiswa/ukucwangelwa endaweni → thengisa ama-ingot ajwayelekile. Kwandisa inani lempumelelo; ukulawula amanani okuqine.

Ukucubungula Izinkokhelo:Thumela i-concentrate/dore ku-smelter ukuze icutshungulwe (khokha Imali); gcina ubunikazi & ukuguquguquka kwemakethe.