Umhlahlandlela Wokucubungula Igolide: Kusukela Kwi-Ore Kuya KuMsebenzi Osezingeni Eliphezulu

Isiphetho:Umhlahlandlela ophelele wokucubungula igolide, uhlinzeka ngokwakhiwa kwezitshalo kusukela ekutholeni kuya ekusebenzeni. Funda ngamakhono ayinhloko wokuthuthukiswa njenge-cyanidation ne-flotation ukuze uthole ukuphindaphindeka okukhulu.

Ukuqonda Igolide

Golide, insimbi eyigugu futhi ekhanga kakhulu emhlabeni, ibonise ubuthebe kanye nokuqina kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Ekutholeni kwanamuhla nasezinhlelweni zezimali, igolide isikhonza hhayi nje njengephetheli yokuhlala kwemali kodwa futhi njengesithako esibalulekile sokukhiqiza kwezokwakha, ukukhiqiza amathotho, nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe obuphakeme. Ukukhula kwayo, ukuncibilika okuphezulu, kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwenza igolide kube isivikelo esibalulekile sokubuyisa isikhathi eside kanye nokunciphisa ubungozi ekutshalweni kwezimali kokutholwa.

Izimo Zemvelo Zegolide: I-Golidi Eyinhloko Nezinsalela

Iziqholo zegolide zihlukaniswe ezintweni ezintathu eziyisisekelo, ngayinye inezimo zejiologiya ezihluke, amazinga, kanye nezinqubo zokuhlukanisa.

Igolide Elikhulu

Secondary Gold

Distribution ye-Gold Deposit Emhlabeni Jikelele

Ngokweminyaka ka-2024, ukukhiqizwa kwegolide emhlabeni jikelele kuyi-3,600 tonnes, nezinsiza eziyimpumelelo ezilinganiselwa ku-59,000 tonnes. Izinsiza zegolide ziqinile zikhona futhi ziqinile ezwenikazi ezifana ne-Australia, iRussia, iChina, eCanada, kanye ne-United States. Phakathi kwalokhu, i-Afrika, enezinzuzo zomhlaba kanye nezinqubomgomo zokutshalwa kwezimali ezinhle, seyibe yindawo ekhula ngenani elikhulu lokutshalwa kwezimali emkhakheni wezokumba emhlabeni.

Gold Processing Plant Construction Workflow

Ukwakhiwa kwesitshalo kuyiphrojekthi eyinkimbinkimbi, enobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene edinga imali enkulu nezikhathi zokwakha ezinde. Kumele ilandele ukuhlela okunembe kokuqinisekisa ukuvuma kwezobuchwepheshe, ukukwazi kwezezimali, kanye nokuhambisana ne-ESG.

1. Ukuhlola

Inhloso:Chaza ukusatshalaliswa kwesikhumba se-ore, ibanga, nezinqolobane ukuze kwenziwe izinqumo zesayensi.

Imisebenzi Ebalulekile:

• Ucwaningo Lwe-Desktop:Hlaziya idatha ye-geological, amashadi, kanye nezincwadi ukuze uthole imigomo.
• Field Mapping & Sampling:Phumelela ucwaningo lwezintaba olwakhiwe kahle.
• Geophysical/Geochemical Surveys:Sebenzisa amamagnetic/izikhala ze-GPR ukubona imithi.
• Drilling:Thola izingxenye ezisemqoka zokuhlola nokwakhiwa kwezinsiza.
• Resource Estimation:Dala ama-2D/3D kwimodeli yokulinganisa usayizi, ibanga, kanye nokusebenza.

Deliverable:Umbiko wezinsiza/mphakathi wezimayini.

2. Planning & Design

Inhloso:Dala imigqa yokukhiqiza esebenza kahle, enempumelelo, futhi ephephile.

Imisebenzi Ebalulekile:

• Feasibility Studies:Hlola ubuchwepheshe nezomnotho bokusebenza.
• Permitting & Financing:Thola imvume yemvelo kanye nezimali.
• Mine Design:Hlela im infrastructure, izindlela zokufinyelela, izindlela zokumba (ivuleka-pit/yangaphansi), Umklamo Wokukhishwa, Umklamo Wokuthuthukiswa kanye ne-Design ye-Taillings.
• Site Preparation:Qinisekisa izindlela zokufinyelela, izinsiza, kanye nokususa umhlabathi ophakeme.

Deliverable:Feasibility Study Report, Mine Design

3. Construction

Inhloso:Qinisekisa ukwakhiwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu ukuze kusebenza ngokushesha.

Imisebenzi Ebalulekile:

• Procurement:Ukuthengwa komhlaba jikelele kwe-crushers, ama-ball mills, ama-flotation cells, ama-thickeners, ama-filters, amapompo, ama-valves, nezinhlelo zokusebenza.
• Civil Works:Ukulinganisa indawo, imigwaqo, izisekelo zezitshalo, ukuvulela izakhiwo, idamu lokuqala lezakhiwo zokugcina imfucumfucu (TSF).
• Ukufakwa Kwezinsiza & Ukuqaliswa:
  • Faka futhi ufanise imishini yokuphahlazeka, yokugaya, yokuhlukanisa, yokukhulisa, nokuhlanza ngokwezinqubo zokugeleza.
  • Faka imifantu, kagesi, nezinhlelo zokwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo.
  • Ukuhlolwa kwempahla eyodwa: Qinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-unit eyodwa.
  • Ukuhlolwa komthwalo: Gijima ngensimbi/amanzi, ngokweqile uphakamise ku-capacity yokwakha nezilinganiso.

Deliverable:Implant eseqalisiwe enokudla.

4. Operation & Maintenance

Inhloso:Ukusebenza okuphephile, okuqinile, okusebenza kahle, okungalungile.

Imisebenzi Ebalulekile:

• Ore Mining & Haulage:
  • Ukubhoboza & Ukuchoboza:Uhlobo lwamatshe lokumba.
  • Ukulayisha & Ukuthutha:Thutha ithonjana engozini ngezikhumulo/amatruck.
• Production: Gijima ukubhujiswa, ukugaya, ukuhlukanisa, ukwandisa, ukuhlunga ngokwakhiwa. Phatha amapharamitha abalulekile (nosho lokugaya, umthamo we-reagent, isikhathi sokuhluza, ubukhulu bokuhlunga).
• Ukugcinwa: Ukuhlola okuqhubekayo, ukugcina, nokushintsha izingxenye ukuhlinzeka ngenkathi yokuphila.
• Quality Control:Test feed, intermediates, and concentrate; adjust processes to meet specifications. Safety Management: Implement protocols, training, PPE, and emergency response systems.

Deliverable:Achieved production targets.

5. Sales & Logistics

Inhloso:Fast, secure, low-cost value conversion.

Imisebenzi Ebalulekile:

• Quality Assaying:Joint sampling/preparation/assay to determine final grade for settlement.
• Sales Agreement:Long-term contracts based on market prices.
• Concentrate Transport:Ship via truck/rail/sea with protective measures to preserve quality.

Deliverable:Revenue realization.

6. Tailings Management & ESG

Inhloso:Integrate safety, environmental responsibility, and social compliance.

Imisebenzi Ebalulekile:

• Tailings Discharge:Tailings generated during production are transported via pipelines or other means to the Tailings Storage Facility (TSF) for storage.
• TSF Management:Continuously monitor dam stability, seepage, and water quality; simultaneously implement necessary environmental protection measures such as installing impermeable liners and constructing wastewater treatment facilities to prevent pollution.
• Tailings Comprehensive Utilization:Phinda kabusha noma ngokwehlukanisela kahle i-tailing ukuze ubuyise izinto ezibalulekile, noma usebenzise njengezinto zokwakha, zokugcwalisa izindawo ezikhishwe, njll., ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukuhwalala kwe-tailing, kunciphisa umthelela kwezemvelo, futhi kukhulu ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza.
• Ecological Rehabilitation:Uma sefinyelele emandleni okwakhiwa, vala futhi ubuyise i-TSF ngezindlela zokuvuselela roshakhe nezokubuyisela umhlaba.

Common Gold Beneficiation Processes

Inqubo yokukhetha incike kuhlobo lwe-ore, usayizi wokukhululwa, i-mineralogy, nezomnotho. Imigudu eyinhloko ihlanganisa Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Gravitational, Ukufuthwa, i-Cyanidation, kanye Nezinqubo Ehlanganisiwe.

Ukwahlukanisa ngokushukumisa

Ukuhambisana:Ilungile emakhaleni akhishwe ngezimpande nezinsimbi eziyinqaba ezinezindlalifa ezikhulu. Iph需要 njengezinto ezinkulu, umehluko omkhulu wesisindo, kanye nokuphuma okuphansi (isb., ama-alluvial, izikhumbuzo ze-glacial).

Isimiso:Yisebenzisa isisindo esikhulu segolide (~19.3 g/cm³) uma kuqhathaniswa ne-gangue. Ukuhlukaniswa kwenzeka nge-dynamics ye-fluid/umbiko ophakeme ezikhungweni zokuhlukanisa ezisebenzisa amandla obukhulu.

Typical Flow:

• 1.Ukuhlulwa Okuyinhloko & Ukuhlola (ukususa udoti)
• 2.Ukugxila KweGravity (Spiral Chute / Jig / Shaking Table)
• 3.Ukuthuthukiswa KweConcentrate & Ukujula → Ukugxila kwegolide okuphezulu.
• 4.I-Tailings: Phinda ulungiselele noma uthumele ku-flotation/cyanidation.

Pros:Izindleko eziphansi, kalula, akukho kemikhali, ukubuyiselwa okuqondile: 85%-90%.

Cons:Ukubuyiselwa okuphansi kwegolide elincane; ukusebenza okulinganiselwe kwegolide elinobumba obuningi noma elimojuliwe.

Ukwahlukanisa ngokushushuluza

Ukuhambisana:Indlela eyinhloko yokuthola igolide elijwayelekile / elincane kanye negolide ehambisana ne-sulfide (pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite). Isetshenziswa ku-~20% yamaphrojekthi egolide emhlabeni jikelele ezindaweni zedigrafu noma ezinzima.

Isimiso:Iziphumo zihluka ekubeni nendawo ye-hydrophobicity. Iziqhumiso (abakhiphi/abakhiphi) zenza igolide/sulfides zibe ne-hydrophobic, zixhunywa kumagagasi omoya ukuze kutholwe i-froth.

Typical Flow:

• 1.Ukudiliza & Ukugaya (uku -200 mesh, 60%-80% passing).
• 2.Ukuqopha: Engeza abakhiphi/ababhalani; ukukhiqiza i-bulk concentrate.
• 3.Ukuhlanza: Thuthukisa umkhiqizo we-concentrate.
• 4.Ukuphanga: Thola igolide elisele kwi-tails. 5.I-concentrate: Ukuphosa ngqo noma i-cyanidation.

Pros:Impumelelo kwi-gold eyinhlobonhlobo/eyigxile.

Cons:Ikhulu; idinga amakhemikhali; izindleko eziphezulu zokusebenza & ukulawulwa kwemvelo.

Cyanidation

Ukuhambisana:Inqubo yokukhipha igolide emhlabeni etholakalayo (>90% yegolide). Ifanele izinto eziningi, kuhlanganise ne-oxides eziphansi, igolide elihle, kanye ne-flotation concentrates.

Isimiso:Ibhodi lincibilikile kusefani se-alcaline cyanide ukwenza [Au(CN)2]- complex. Ibuyele nge-carbon adsorption (CIP/CIL) noma ukuncibilika kwe-zinc.

Typical Flow:

• 1.Ukuphuca & Ukugaya (uku-200 mesh, 80%-90% passing).
• 2.UkuLeaching kweCyanide (CIL/CIP): Ibhodi lincibilikile emanzini.
• 3.Adsorption/Elution: I-activated carbon ibamba ibhodi eliyinkimbinkimbi; ikhululiwe & ikhokhisiwe ukuze ibe yithuli le-gold.
• 4.Ukushisa → I-gold ephezulu.

Pros:Ithanda ubuchwepheshe; ukuphuma okuphezulu (90%-97%); ukufaneleka okubanzi.

Cons:ICyanide enobuthi (ukulawulwa kwemvelo okuqinile); ifuna ukwelashwa kwemvume yokusebenza kwamakhemikhali/arsenical (ukubilisa/POX).

Heap Leaching (Cyanide Heap Leach Mining)

Ukuhambisana:Imaminerali ephephile ye-oxide (okuvamile 0.5-1.5g/t) enegolide eyakhelwe kahle. Ifuna ukungena kahle (amakhla aphansi). Izinhloso: I-ROM ephephile, udoti, ama-tailing amadala.

Isimiso:10000 Tons Heap Leaching Design For Gold I-solutions ye-NaCN ehlukile idlula emehlweni akhiwephakade. Igolide iyanyamalala ekuxubeni: 4Au + 8NaCN + O2+ 2H2O → 4Na[Au(CN)2] + 4NaOH Isixazululo esithwathwa; igolide ibuyiswa nge-carbon adsorption → elution/electrowinning.

Pros:Ukwehliswa kwe-CAPEX/OPEX, amandla aphansi; izinqubo zekhwalithi ephansi; flexible/scalable.

Cons:Lower recovery (60%-85%); long cycle (weeks/months); slow cash flow; climate-sensitive (cold/rain); permeability critical; environmental risk.

Post-Beneficiation Value Realization

Maximizing resource value by upgrading low-grade ore into high-value products. Common business models:

Gold Concentrate Sales:Direct sale to smelters. Short cash cycle; avoids smelting risks (ideal for capital-constrained startups).

Gold Dore/Ingot Sales:On-site smelting/refining → sell standard ingots. Maximizes profit margin; stronger pricing control.

Toll Processing:Thumela i-concentrate/dore ku-smelter ukuze icutshungulwe (khokha Imali); gcina ubunikazi & ukuguquguquka kwemakethe.