Summary: Ekuqanjweni, itshalo namatshe kanye langesihlabathi badlala indima yomzimba wensipho futhi babizwa ngokuthi ama-aggregate. Isihlabathi sibizwa ngokuthi i-aggregate ethambile futhi itshe sibizwa ngokuthi i-aggregate enkulu....

I-concreti ngokuvamile ikhiqizwa yizinto eziyisithupha: ① isamente, ② amanzi, ③ izinto ezidibanisiwe ezinkulu (ikakhulukazi itshe), ④ izinto ezidibanisiwe ezimnyama (ikakhulukazi izandla), ⑤ izinto ezidibanisiwe zezinto zeminerali (ikakhulukazi i-fly ash noma ezinye izinto ezidibanisiwe), ⑥ izinto ezongeziwe (njenge-expansion agent, water reducer, retarder, njll.).

Emkhathini, isamente iyinto ebalulekile kakhulu. Izinto ezidibanisiwe nezandla nazo azibalulekile.

Yini umsebenzi wezitini neqanda ekonkretini?

Emkhathini, itshe nezandla zidlala indima ebalulekile njengezitho zokwakha futhi zibizwa ngokuthi izinto ezidibanisiwe. Izandla zibizwa ngokuthi izinto ezidibanisiwe ezimnyama kanti itshe liyinto edibanisiwe enkulu.

Izitini zihlotshwe endaweni yekonkrethi evamile ukuze zenze umtapo oqinile, futhi iqanda, i-sementu kanye namanzi zihlotshwe ndawonye njenge-mortar ukuze zugcwalise imikhondo yomtapo.

I-sementu namanzi zenze i-slurry ye-sementu, eyigqokele phezu kwesakhiwo futhi igcwalise izikhala phakathi. Ngaphambi kokuba ikonkrethi iqinise, i-slurry ye-sementu, izengezo kanye nezinto ezidluliselwa zinikeze isihlanganiso isithuthukisi, zidlale indima yokunxibela, okuyinto elula kakhulu ekusebenzeni. Ngemva kokuba i-slurry ye-sementu iqinise, izitini neqanda zizokhuliswa yi-sementu zibe yi-unit eyodwa.

Ngokuvamile, itshe neqanda azithathi hlangana emkhakheni wokusebenzisana kwecementi namanzi. Imisebenzi yawo eyinhloko ukugcina i-cementi, ukunqoba umthwalo, nokuvimbela ukunciphisa kwesisekelo secementi esesimi.

Izithasiselo nezisingenalwazi azikwazi kuphela ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwekhabhoni, kodwa futhi zigcine ikhemikhali.

Izinto eziyithinta ukusebenza kwe-khonkrithi mayelana ne-itshe neqanda

Itshe (isihlabathi esikhulu)

Amandla kanye nempahla ye-aggregate zombili zizothinta amandla kanye nekhwalithi yekhonkrithi.

2. Usanda (uqhakazekile oluncane)

Isiqulatho somhlabathi emfuleni, uhlobo lwemhlabathi olukhulu, kanye nesisindo sezinto ezilimazayo emfuleni, zizothinta amandla nezinsuku zokubeka kwakhiwo ngezindlela ezahlukene.

3. I-Cement

Ukukhetha uhlobo lomhlabathi kanye nenani lawo kuzothinta amandla okwakhiwo kanye nokushisa kokwakhiwa. Ukukhulu kwezinto eziphelele ezihlobene kuzothinta ngokukhulu ukukhulu kwakhiwo oluphelele.

4. Amanzi

I-PH, uhlobo kanye nesiduli somkhawulo somanzi kuzothinta amandla nokukhulu kwakhiwo.

5. Okunye okungeziwe okungamanzi (okuyinhloko i-fly ash noma okunye okungeziwe)

Izengezo ezahlukene zithinta ukusebenza kahle, i-curve yesiqiniso kanye nokubonakala kwesihlathi.

6. I-Additive (njengento yohlelo lokwandisa, umkhiqizo wokunciphisa amanzi, isibambe, njll.)

Uhlobo kanye nombalwa wesengezo zithinta isikhathi sokubekwa, amandla kanye nezici zomzimba zesihlaathi.

Izidingo zethekhinoliji zesihlabathi nesiqatha kwesihlathi

Izidingo zethekhinoloji zesihlabathi (isithako esihlakaniphile)

Izidingo zethekhinoloji zesithako esihlakaniphile sesihlathi zifaka phakathi izici ezilandelayo:

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaphakathi nemali yezithako

Ukwahlukaniswa kwamaphakathi kwesihlabathi kuqondwa njengokulinganisa okufanelekileyo kwamaphakathi amakhulu namaphansi esihlabathi. Lapho izithako ezinkulu ezahlukene zilinganiselwe kahle khona, indawo phakathi kwamaphakathi esihlabathi iyingcosana kakhulu.

Ukuchachazwa komquba wezihlabathi kubhekisela kumoya jikelele kanye nokungafani ngemuva kokuxuba izinhlayiyana ezinkulu nezincane, futhi ngokuvamile kuhlelwa njengemquba omkhulu, imquba emaphakathi nokuncane.

Nxa isimo sesinye, indawo yomphetho yokuhlangana kwesihlabathi esincane iphezulu, kuyilapho indawo yomphetho yokuhlangana kwesihlabathi esikhulu iphansi. Emasimendi,

Uma ukhetha i-sandu ye-concreti, ukulinganisa kwamaqembu kanye nobukhulu bayo kufanele kubhekwe ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kufanele kusetshenziswe i-sandu ye-Zone II uma kulungiswa i-concreti futhi amaqembu amancane kunama-0.315mm ku-sandu kufanele angaphansi kuka-15%.

Izinto ezilimazayo nezinto ezitshalayo

Itshe lasongo elisetshenziselwa ikhonkrithi kumele lihlanzekile futhi lube neziphuzo ezincane eziyingozi. Ithuna lelamasizi, uthuli, mica, izinto eziphilayo, i-sulfide, i-sulfate, njll. ezitholakala esintwini sizothinta kabi ukusebenza kwekhonkrithi. Inani lezinto eziyingozi akumele lidlule imikhawulo echazwe kumthetho ofanele.

Ukuhlolwa kwemisebe ye-alkali kufanele futhi kwenziwe emhlabathini osetshenziswa emisebenzini ebalulekile yokwakha, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ihambisana.

Ukuqina

Ukuqinisa kwezinsalela zomhlaba kubhekisela ekulinganiseni kwamandla okushaya ukhukhula ngaphansi kwethonya lemvula, izinguquko zemvelo noma ezinye izinto eziyizinto zomzimba. Ukuqina komhlaba kuzohlolwa kusetshenziswa isixazululo se-sodium sulfate. Ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo sesampula ngemva kwamaketanga ayisihlanu kuzohambisana nezimfuneko zemigomo efanele.

Izidingo zentekiso yamatye (izicucu ezinkulu)

I-aggregate enkulu evame ukusetshenziswa for ikhonkrithi evamile ihlanganisa igwadle namatshe amancane. Izidingo zobuchwepheshe ze-aggregate enkulu zimi kanje:

Ukwahlukaniswa kwezicu, nesizinda esikhulu kakhulu sezicu

Ukwahlukaniswa kwezicu zezitsha zokwakha ezisetshenziswa ekholini ye-konkrithi kungahlolisiswa njengezicu eziqhubekayo nezicu ezodwa.

Phakathi kwazo, izinto ezixubileyo ezinezicu ezodwa ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa ukuze kuhlanganiswe izinto ezixubileyo ezinezicu eziqhubekayo, noma zixutshwe nezinto ezixubileyo ezinezicu eziqhubekayo ukuze kuhlolisiswe ukwahlukaniswa. Uma izinto ezixubileyo ezinezicu ezodwa zidinga ukusetshenziswa ngenxa yezinto ezitholakalayo ezingekho

Umkhawulo ophezulu usayizi wezinhlayiyana zemvelo kumaxhaphozi aphezulu ubizwa ngokuthi usayizi omkhulu wezinhlayiyana. Uma usayizi wezinhlayiyana zomxhaphozi ukhula, indawo yawo ethile emhlabeni iyancipha futhi inani lekhemikhali ekamelweni elibomvu liyancipha. Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwemibandela yokuhlangabezana nezidingo zobuchwepheshe, usayizi omkhulu wezinhlayiyana zomxhaphozi kufanele ukhethwe ngokukhulu okukhulu ngangokunokwenzeka.

Amnandwa kanye nokuqina

Amnandwa emgqeni oqineke kakhulu angachazwa ngamandla okucindezela kweqhwa kanye nomqondo wokuthoshwa. Uma izinga lokusebenza kwemkhathi liyi-C60 nangaphezulu, amandla okucindezela kweqhwa kufanele kube yinto ebalulekile.

Ukuxhumanisa okukhulu okusetshenziswayo ekwakheni isikhonkwane ngezidingo zokumelana nezimo ezimbi zomkhathi, kufanele sivivinye amandla alo.

Izinto ezihlukumezayo nezinto ezifana nezinto ezinjengezindlu zangqamuzana

I-clay, silt, i-fine dust, i-sulfate, i-sulfide kanye ne-organic matter ezikhona ekuxhumaniseni okukhulu, yizinto ezihlukumezayo, futhi inani lazo kufanele lihlangabezane nezidingo ezisemthethweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuvunyelwe ukuxuba i-calcined dolomite noma i-limestone ekuxhumaniseni okukhulu.

Nge-coarse aggregate eyenzelwe izakhiwo ezibalulekile, ukuvivinya umsebenzi wemifino kufanele futhi kwenziwe ukuze kuchazwe ukuthi isebenza yini.

Ukuchumayela okuningi kwezinhlayiya ezifana nezindlu ezingqongqo eziqongeleleni ezinzima kuzo kunciphisa ukusebenza nokuqina kwesikhunta, ngakho inani lezinhlayiya ezinjengezindlu nezinhlayiya ezifana nezihlangu eziqongeleleni ezinzima kufanele zihlangabezane nezindinganiso ezifanelekile.

Kubonakala ukuthi ubuningi kanye nekhwalithi yesihlabathi noshishino obukhulu kuthinta kakhulu ukusebenza nokuphumelela kwekhabhoni. Ukuze sikhiphe ikhabhoni yekhwalithi ephezulu, sifuna ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yesihlabathi namatye.

Ngakho-ke, kufanele silawule izinga lezinsalela lesihlabathi lendlela nemivuno yomhlabathi bese sikhetha imishini yemikhiqizo ethembekile kanye nezimboni. I-I-SBM inikeza izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene kanye nemodeli yemishini yokukhiqiza isihlabathi sebanga eliphezulu nokhonkolo. Singahlela ukuvakashelwa kwendawo kumakhasimende ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Xhumana ne-I-SBM uma unentshisekelo yemishini yokucindezela nokwenza isihlabathi.