Soo koobid:Hagaha dhameystiran ee dabiiciga dahabka, kaas oo daboolaya dhismaha warshadaha laga bilaabo baaritaanka ilaa hawlgalka. Baro hababka muhiimka ah ee ka faa'iidaysiga sida cyanidation iyo flotation si aad u gaarto soo kabasho buuxda.

Fahankara Dahabka

Dahab, oo ah birta ugu qaali ah uguna soo jiidashada badan adduunka, ayaa ka dhex muuqday hanti iyo xasilooni tan iyo waqtiyadii hore. Nidaamyada macdanta casriga ah iyo nidaamka maaliyadeed, dahabku wuxuu u adeegaa kaliya maaqafka hantida ee nidaamyada lacagta laakiin sidoo kale wuu muhiim u yahay walxaha ceeriin ee soo saarista warshadaha, habka dahabka, iyo warshadaha tiknoolajiyada sare. Xasiloonidiisa, daadgureynta sare, iyo iska caabinta miridhku waxay ka dhigayaan dahabka difaac muhiim ah oo ku saabsan soo celinta muddada dheer iyo yaraynta khatarta ee maalgelinta macdanta.

Gold's Natural Forms: Primary and Secondary Gold

Gold deposits are classified into three main types, each with distinct geological conditions, grades, and beneficiation processes.

Primary Gold

Formed by direct precipitation and consolidation within rocks or veins during geological mineralization, typically found in plutonic rocks, hydrothermal veins, or metamorphic bodies.

【Vein Gold Deposit 】

  • Macdanta:Gold often coexists with quartz veins, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite, occurring as fine veins or disseminated grains.
  • Typical Regions:Witwatersrand veins (Koonfur Afrika), Kalgoorlie Gold Mine (Australia).
  • Process:Burburinta koowaad → Burburinta labaad → Dhigista kubbadda → Kala soocida cufnaanta → Labaalinta → CIP ama CIL carbon adsorption

【Xoolaha Dahabka】

  • Macdanta:Dahab ku jira dhagax adag, badanaa la xiriira macdanta sulfide.
  • Process:Burburin → Dhigista kubbadda → Kala soocid → Labaalinta → Cyanidation leaching.

【Dahabka La Tarxiilay】

  • Macdanta:Dahab si fiican loogu faafiyay gudaha shabakadaha dhagaxa, adkeysi xoog leh muuqaal ahaan in la garto. Aagagta Caadiga ah: Aagagta Caadiga ah.
  • Process:Waqtiyey particle size aad u fiican, dhibaatada habaynta sare; waxay u baahan tahay burbur ultra-fine ah oo ay weheliso hababka flotation-cyanidation.
Primary Gold

Qalin Dachin

Deposits ka samaysmay ka dib waqtiga, burburka, iyo daadinta deposits-ka asalka ah.

【Hanti Qalin Dachin】

  • Tilmaamaha:Qalinka qalin wuxuu u muuqdaa sida qashinka ciidda ama aad u yaryar, si fudud ayaa loo garanayaa muuqaal ahaan.
  • Typical Regions:Dhulka webiyada (Ghana), xadka ayaa lagu helay SDR (Russia), gobolka Yukon (Canada).
  • Process:Jig, miiska shiidashada, iskudhafka jaranjarooyinka xoogga leh.

【Hanti Qalin Dachin】

  • Macdanta:Derived from ancient riverbed or alluvial fan sediments, with uniform particles.
  • Process: Sanduuqa dhuumaha ama kicinta dhexe.

【Dhalada Dahab ee Laterite】

Waxa laga helayaa gobollada kulaylaha/hooseeya; jirka macdanta sahlan ee ku haboon macdanta furan.

Tilmaamaha:Darajo hoose laakiin kharashyada macdanta oo hooseeya, ku habboon mashaariicda bilowga ah oo leh raasamaal kooban.

Secondary Gold
Sidoo kale Akhriso: Macdanta Dahabka - 7 Nooc iyo Hababka Soo-saaridda

Qaybinta Dhalada Dahabka ee Caalamka

Illaa 2024, wax-soo-saarka sanadlaha ah ee macdanta dahabka caalamiga ah wuxuu qiyaasan yahay qiyaastii 3,600 tan, iyadoo kaydinta la macdami karo lagu qiyaasayo qiyaastii 59,000 tan. Kheyraadka dahabka ayaa si ballaaran loo qaybiyey waxaana diiradda lagu saaray dalalka sida Australiya, Ruushka, Shiinaha, Kanada, iyo Mareykanka. Dhanka kale, Afrika, oo leh awooddeeda macdan dhaqaalaha hodanka ah iyo siyaasadaha maalgelinta ee wanaagsan, ayaa noqotay xarunta soo koraya ee maalgelinta macdanta caalamiga ah.

Gold Processing Plant Construction Workflow

Dhismaha plantka waa mashruuc adag, oo ku lug leh dhismayaal badan oo u baahan maalgashi weyn iyo muddo dheer oo fulin ah. Waa in uu raacaa qorsheyn cilmiyeed oo adag si loo xaqiijiyo suurtagalnimada farsamo, waxtarka dhaqaalaha, iyo u hoggaansanaanta ESG.

Gold Processing Plant Construction Workflow

1. Sahamin

Ujeeddo:Caddee qaybaha macdanta, darajada, iyo keydka si loo sameeyo go'aano cilmiyeed.

Hawlgallada Muhiimka ah:

  • Baadhista Desktop:Falanqee xogta juqraafiga, khariidadaha, iyo qoraallada si loo aqoonsado bartilmaameedyada.
  • Field Mapping & Sampling:Samee baaritaanno dhuleed oo faahfaahsan.
  • Geophysical/Geochemical Surveys:Isticmaal magnetics/ GPR hawada ku jira si aad u ogaatid deeqaha.
  • Drilling:Hel muunado core ah oo tijaabada iyo qiyaasta kheyraadka.
  • Resource Estimation:Samee moodallo 2D/3D ah oo lagu qiyaasayo cabbirka, darajada, iyo suurtagalnimada.

Deliverable:Warbixinta Kheyraadka/Muujinta Macdanta.

2. Planning & Design

Ujeeddo:Naqshadee khadadka wax-soo-saar wax ku ool ah, dhaqaale ah, iyo ammaan ah.

Hawlgallada Muhiimka ah:

  • Feasibility Studies:Qiimee suurtagalnimada dhaqaale iyo farsamo.
  • Permitting & Financing:Ku hel oggolaansho deegaanka iyo maalgelin.
  • Mine Design:Qorshee kaabayaasha, waddooyinka galitaanka, hababka macdanta (furfuran/hoos), Naqshad soo saarid, Naqshad faa'iido iyo Naqshad qashinka.
  • Site Preparation:dhis wadooyinka galitaanka, xarumaha, iyo nadiifi hadhka.

Deliverable:Feasibility Study Report, Mine Design

3. Dhisme

Ujeeddo:Hubi dhismaha heer sare ah si loo hubiyo hawlgelin degdeg ah.

Hawlgallada Muhiimka ah:

  • Procurement:Helitaanka caalami ah ee burburiyeyaasha, mashiinnada kubbadda, unugyada quusinta, xoojiye, filters, mashiinnada biyaha, valve-yada, nidaamka otomaatiga.
  • Civil Works:Meel dhig, wadooyinka, aasaaska dhirta, dhismaha qaab dhismeed, damka bilawga ah ee xarunta kaydinta tailings (TSF).
  • Rakibidda & Hagaajinta Qalabka:
    • Ku rakib oo toosin qalabka burburinta, shiididda, kala soocidda, dhumucda, iyo filtration iyadoo la raacayo socodka habka.
    • Ku rakib tuubooyinka, korontada, iyo nidaamyada otomaatiga.
    • Imtixaanka qalabka hal: Xaqiiji howsha hal unug.
    • Imtixaanka culeyska: Socdaal leh macdanta/biyaha, si tartiib tartiib ah u kordhi ilaa awoodda naqshadeynta iyo cabbirrada.

Deliverable:Warshaddii la hawlgeliyey iyadoo la adeegsanayo xawaash.

4. Hawlgal & Dayactir

Ujeeddo:Badbaado, deegaan, wax ku ool ah, hawlgal kharash yar.

Hawlgallada Muhiimka ah:

  • Qodista Macdanta & Gaadiidka:
    • Qodista & Qarxinta:Waxay jajabisaa dhagaxa si loo qodo.
    • Xawilaadda & Gaadiidka:U gudbi macdanta dhismaha iyada oo loo marayo qodista/baabuurta.
  • Waxsoosaar: Socodsii jarid, burburin, kala soocid, dhumucdiid, shaandhayn sida loo naqshadeeyay. Xakamee cabbirrada muhiimka ah (cabbirka burburka, qaddarka kiimikada, waqtiga xawilaadda, cufnaanta dhumucdiidka).
  • Dayactir: Kormeer joogto ah, adeegyo, iyo beddel badhanka si loo yareeyo wakhtiga luminta.
  • Xakameynta Tayada:Test feed, intermediates, and concentrate; adjust processes to meet specifications. Safety Management: Implement protocols, training, PPE, and emergency response systems.

Deliverable:Achieved production targets.

5. Sales & Logistics

Ujeeddo:Fast, secure, low-cost value conversion.

Hawlgallada Muhiimka ah:

  • Quality Assaying:Joint sampling/preparation/assay to determine final grade for settlement.
  • Sales Agreement:Long-term contracts based on market prices.
  • Concentrate Transport:Ship via truck/rail/sea with protective measures to preserve quality.

Deliverable:Revenue realization.

6. Maareynta Qashinka & ESG

Ujeeddo:Ku dar amniga, mas'uuliyadda deegaanka, iyo waafaqsanaanta bulshada.

Hawlgallada Muhiimka ah:

  • Qashinka Dhiibida:Qashinka ka dhasha wax soo saarka waxaa lagu qaadaa tuubooyin ama wadiiqooyin kale oo loo geeyo Xarunta Kaydinta Qashinka (TSF) si loogu kaydiyo.
  • Maareynta TSF:Si joogto ah ula soco xasiloonida damka, sidiqada, iyo tayada biyaha; isla markaana fulin talaabooyinka lagama maarmaanka ah ee ilaalinta deegaanka sida rakibidda xariijimo aan dhicin iyo dhismaha xarumaha daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah si loo xakameeyowasakhowga.
  • Kaalmo Dhererka Dhameystiran:Mar kale ka baari ama si kale si buuxda u isticmaal kaararka si loo soo celiyo waxyaabaha qaaliga ah, ama u isticmaal agabka dhismaha, si loogu buuxiyo aagag la qoday, iwm, taas oo yaraynaysa kaydinta kaararka, yareynaysa saamaynta deegaanka, iyo kordhinta adeegsiga kheyraadka.
  • Hagaajinta Deegaanka:Marka la gaadho awoodda naqshadeynta, xir oo dib u soocdo TSF iyadoo la raacayo dib u soo kabashada dhirta iyo soo celinta dhulka.

Hababka Caadiga ah ee Kaalmo Dahab

Beddelka hawsha waxay ku xidhan tahay nooca macdanta, cabbirka xorriyadda, macdanta, iyo dhaqaalaha. Jidadka aasaasiga ah waxaa ka mid ah Kala soocida Cufnaanta, Faloolinta, Cyanidation, iyo Hawlaha Isku-dhafan.

Gold Beneficiation Processes

Kala saarida cuf-jiidadka

Ku habboon:Ugu habboon deebaajiga placer iyo macdanta dhagaxa adag oo leh dahab xoroobay oo cufan. Waxay u baahan tahay qaybo jilicsan, farqi cufan oo muhiim ah, iyo waxyaabo dhoobo ah oo yar (tusaale, deebaajiga qallalan, glacial).

Falsafada:Waxay ka faa'iidaysaneysaa cufnaanta sare ee dahabka (~19.3 g/cm³) marka la barbar dhigo gangue. Kala soocida waxay dhacdaa iyada oo loo marayo dabeecadda dareeraha/ xoogga centrifuge ee cufnaanta soo ururiyaha.

Typical Flow:

  • 1.Baasi Qodista & Shaandhaynta (ka saar dhagaxyada qashinka)
  • 2.Xoogaynta Cufan (Spiral Chute / Jig / Miis Goyn)
  • 3.Hagaajinta iyo Qaboojinta Murqaha → Muhiimada dahabka sare.
  • 4.Qashinka: Ku celi ama u dir foosha/cyaanidation.

Faa'iidooyinka:Qiimo jaban, fudud, ma ahan kiimikooyin, soo kabasho toos ah: 85%-90%.

Khasaarooyinka:Soo kabasho liidata oo ah dahab khafiif ah; waxtar xadidan oo dahab ka kooban dhoobo ama xidhid leh.

gravity separation

sabayn

Ku habboon:Habka ugu muhiimsan ee dahabka dhexdhexaadka/fine iyo dahabka la xiriira sulfide (pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite). Waxaa loo adeegsadaa ~20% mashaariicda dahabka adduunka ee lode ama macdanta adag.

Falsafada:Exploit-yada farqiga ku jira hydrophobicity of surface-ka. Reagents (ururiyeyaasha/frothers) waxay ka dhigayaan dahabka/sulfides hydrophobic, iyagoo isku xira hawada biyo-biyood si loogu soo saaro froth.

Typical Flow:

  • 1.Jarista & Shiidista (illaa -200 mesh, 60%-80% gudbinta).
  • 2.Dhigmada: Ku dar ururiyeyaasha/frothers; soo saar xoojin guud.
  • 3.Nadiifinta: Kor u qaad darajada xoojinta.
  • 4.Qabashada: Soo celi dahabka haray ee dhabarka. 5.Xoojinta: Dhalaalka tooska ah ama cyanidation.

Faa'iidooyinka:Waxay waxtar leedahay dahab faan/ku xeeran.

Khasaarooyinka:Way adag tahay; waxay u baahan tahay kiimiko; kharashka hawlgalka oo sarreeya & xakamaynta deegaanka.

flotation

Daabacan

Ku habboon:90% of gold). Suitable for most ores, including low-grade oxides, fine gold, and flotation concentrates.

Falsafada:Gold dissolves in alkaline cyanide solution forming [Au(CN)2]- complex. Recovered via carbon adsorption (CIP/CIL) or zinc precipitation.

Typical Flow:

  • 1.Crushing & Grinding (to -200 mesh, 80%-90% passing).
  • 2.Cyanide Leaching (CIL/CIP): Gold dissolves into solution.
  • 3.Adsorption/Elution: Activated carbon adsorbs gold complex; eluted & electrowon to gold mud.
  • 4.Smelting → Dahab puri sarreeya.

Faa'iidooyinka:Technology deggan; soo noqoshada sare (90%-97%); codsi ballaaran.

Khasaarooyinka:Cyanide sun ah (xakamaynta deegaanka oo adag); waxay u baahan tahay daaweyn hore oo loogu talagalay macdanta kaarboon-keed ama arseniiga (karsan/POX).

cyanidation

Heap Leaching (Cyanide Heap Leach Mining)

Ku habboon:Macdanta oxaydka ah ee darajada hoose (caadi ahaan 0.5-1.5g/t) oo leh dahab miridh. Waxay u baahan tahay laab fiican (hilib hooseeya). Himilooyinka: ROM darajo hoose, dhagxaan qashinka ah, duugoobay.

Falsafada:10000 Tan Heap Leaching Naqshad loogu talagalay Dahab Xal NaCN ah oo dhalaalaya ayaa si tartiib ah u daadanaya macdanta la isugu keeno. Dahabku wuxuu ku milmaa xal iyadoo loo marayo falcelinta: 4Au + 8NaCN + O2+ 2H2O → 4Na[Au(CN)2] + 4NaOH Xalka uurka leh ayaa la uruuriyay; dahabka ayaa dib loo soo celiyay iyadoo loo marayo adsorption kaarboon → elution/electrowinning.

Faa'iidooyinka:CAPEX/OPEX hoose, tamar hoose; hababka darajooyinka xad-dhaafka ah; flexible/scalable.

Khasaarooyinka:Hagaajinta hoose (60%-85%); wareeg dheer (usbuucyo/bilal); socodka lacagta oo gaabis ah; cimilo-xasaasi (qabow/rain); permeability-critical; khatar deegaan.

cyanidation

Qiimaha Kadib Faa'iidooyinka

Maximizing qiimaha kheyraadka adiga oo kor u qaadaya macdanta darajooyinka hoose ee alaabooyinka qiimaha sare leh. Noocyada ganacsi ee caadiga ah:

iibka Gold Concentrate:Iibka tooska ah ee dhalaaleyaasha. Wareegga lacagta gaaban; ka fogaaneysa khataraha dhalaalida (waxa ay ku habboon tahay ganacsiyada ku xadidan kapitalka).

Gold Dore/Ingot Sales:On-site smelting/refining → sell standard ingots. Maximizes profit margin; stronger pricing control.

Toll Processing:Send concentrate/dore to smelter for refining (pay fee); retain ownership & market flexibility.