Soo koobid:Hagaajinta macdanta birta waa talaabo muhiim ah oo ka mid ah warshadaha macdanta, oo ujeedadu tahay in laga soocdo macdanta birta ah ee qaali ah qashinka iyadoo la adeegsanayo farqiga u dhexeeya guryaha jirka ama kiimikada.

Hagaajinta macdanta birta waa talaabo muhiim ah oo ka mid ah warshadaha macdanta, oo ujeedadu tahay in laga soocdo macdanta birta ah ee qaali ah qashinka iyadoo la adeegsanayo farqiga u dhexeeya guryaha jirka ama kiimikada. Hababka doorsoomida ee caanka ah waxaa si guud loo kala soocaa saddex kooxood: hagaajinta jirka, hagaajinta kiimikada, iyo hagaajinta noolaha. Dhexdeeda, hagaajinta jirka ayaa ah tan ugu badan ee la isticmaalo sababtoo ah qiimaheeda hooseeya iyo saameynteeda deegaanka. Doorashada habka hagaajinta ku habboon waxay si weyn uga mid tahay sifooyinka macdanta birta ee bartilmaameedka ah, sida magnetism, cufnaanta, iyo hufnaanta dusha.

Metal Ore Beneficiation Methods

1. Faa'iidada Jidheed: Xalka Qiimaha Jaban ee Codsiga Warshadaha Weyn

Faa'iidada jidheed waxay kala soocdaa macdanta iyada oo aan la beddelin qaab-dhismeedkooda kiimikada, iyadoo si buuxda ugu tiirsan farqiga astaamaha jidheed. Habkani wuxuu ku habboon yahay inta badan macdanta biraha si sahlan loo sii daayo. Afarta hab ee aasaasiga ah ee faa’iidada jidheed waa:

1.1 Kala Soocida Magnetic: Soo Kabashada Ujeedada Biraha Magnetic

  • Mabaadii'da Aasaasiga ah:Waxay ka faa'iidaysataa farqiga magnetic ee macdanta (tusaale, magnetite waxaa jiidanaya meel magnetic ah, halka macdanta gangue aan la jiidan) si ay u kala soocdo magnetic iyo macdanta aan magnetic ahayn.
  • Applicable Metals: Qalabka birta, manganese, iyo kromiyum. Si gaar ah wax ku ool u ah magnetite (magnet weyn) iyo pyrrhotite (magnet liita). Waxa kale oo loo isticmaalaa in lagu saaro wasakhda birta ee macdanta aan metallic ahayn sida ciidda quartz.
  • Key Applications:
    • Warshadaha ka shaqeeya wanaajinta macdanta birta waxay isticmaalaan habka kala soocida magnetic ka ah ee aan kala go' lahayn, nadiifinta, iyo iska-qabashada si kor loogu qaado heerka birta laga bilaabo 25%-30% ilaa in ka badan 65%.
    • Mineraladka si liidata ugu leh magnetic sida hematite marka hore waa la dubaa si loogu beddelo magnetite ka hor kala soocida magnetic.
  • Faa'iidooyinka:Wasakh yar, isticmaalka tamarta yar, iyo awoodda wax soo saarka weyn (habaynta biraha hal mashiin ayaa la socon kara kumanaan tan maalintii).
Magnetic Separation

1.2 Flaatinta: “Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic” Kala-goynta Macdanta Qiimaha Saafi ah

  • Mabaadii'da Aasaasiga ah:Kiimikada (ururiyeyaasha iyo foosha) ayaa lagu daray si macdanta birta ah ee bartilmaameedka ah loo dhigo mid hydrophobic ah. Qaybahani waxay ku xidhmaan buufin hawada ah waxayna kor u kacaaan dusha sare sida foosha, halka macdanaha aan bartenderka ahayn ay ku hartaan calafka.
  • Biraha La Qaban Karo:Copper, lead, zinc, molybdenum, dahab, lacag, iyo biraha kale ee grain yaryar (badanaa
  • Key Applications:
    • Hannaanka caadiga ah ee macdanta copper: Fotaashinka sulfide copper wuxuu kor u qaadaa macdanta laga helay 0.3%-0.5% Cu ilaa 20%-25% copper concentrate.
    • Hagaajinta dahabka kaddib: Dahabka si fiican loo faafiyey, fotaashinku marka hore wuxuu diiradda saarayaa inuu u beddelo macdan sulfide ah, isagoo yareynaya isticmaalka cyanide-ka ee nidaamka cyanidation-ka xiga.
  • Faa'iidooyinka:Waxtarka kala soocida sare (heerarka soo kabashada oo ka sareeya 90%), waxtar u leh macdanta adag ee polymetallic ah.
  • Dhibaatooyinka:Isticmaalka kiimikooyinka kiimikada waxay u baahan tahay daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah.
Flotation Machine

1.3 Kala soocista miisaanka: Ka faa'iidaysiga farqiga cufnaanta si loo soo kabsado biraha culus ee waaweyn.

  • Mabaadii'da Aasaasiga ah:Goobta culaysku waxay ka faa'iideysataa farqiga cufnaanta u dhexeeya macdanta birta culus iyo qashinka iftiinka ah ee ku jira meel culays ama centrifugal.
  • Biraha La Qaban Karo:Hirarka dahabka (qaybaha la furay iyo qodmyada waaweyn), tungsten, huruud, antimony, gaar ahaan qaybaha waaweyn ee ka badan 0.074 mm.
  • Key Applications:
    • Macdanta dahabka ee la furo waxay isticmaashaa qaloocyada iyo miisaska gariir si loo soo saaro dahab dabiici ah oo leh 95% soo celin ah.
    • Macdanta tungsten iyo huruuddu waxay maraan kala soocidda culayska sida tallaabo diirran si looga saaro 70%-80% qashinka cufnaanta hoose ka hor soo boodka.
  • Faa'iidooyinka:Wax baahiyo kiimikaad ah ma jirto, kharash aad u hooseeya, qalab fudud.
  • Dhibaatooyinka:Maamulka hoose ee soo celinta qaybo yaryar iyo macdano leh farqi dhibcood oo yar.
Gravity Separation

1.4 Kala Dhiigid Koronto: Isticmaalka Farqiga Korontada ee Macdanaha Gaarka ah

  • Mabaadii'da Aasaasiga ah:Waxay ku kala soocdaa macdanaha iyadoo ku saleysan farqiga korontada (tusaale, macdanaha metallic-ka ayaa koronto gudbiya, kuwa aan metallic-ka ahayn ma gudbiyaan) meel koronto sare leh, halkaas oo macdanaha koronto-gudbinta lagu jiidanayo ama laga tuurayo elektrodka.
  • Biraha La Qaban Karo:Si weyn loo isticmaalay si loo kala sooco macdanaha metallic-ka dhimista sida titanium, zirconium, tantalum, iyo niobium, ama si loo nadiifiyo ururinada (tusaale, ka saarista gangue aan koronto-gudbineynin laga bilaabo ururinada naxaasta/lead/zinc).
  • Key Applications:
    • Titanium separation from beach sands: In Hainan, electrostatic separation isolates conductive ilmenite from non-conductive quartz.
    • Concentrate purification: Removing poorly conductive quartz from tungsten concentrate to upgrade its grade.
  • Faa'iidooyinka:High separation precision, no chemical reagents.
  • Dhibaatooyinka:Sensitive to moisture (requires drying), low throughput, typically used only as a cleaning step.

2. Chemical Beneficiation: The “Last Resort” for Difficult Ores

When metal minerals are finely disseminated or tightly bound with gangue (e.g., oxidized ores, complex sulfides), physical methods may fail. Chemical beneficiation breaks down mineral structures to extract metals, mainly via:

2.1 Leaching: “Dissolution and Extraction” of Metal Ions

  • Mabaadii'da Aasaasiga ah:Macdanta waxaa lagu mayrayo xalal kiimiko ah (asiidh, alkali, ama xalalkiisir) si loo kala sooco birta la doonayo oo loo dhiso xal leach ah oo rajo leh (PLS), halkaas oo birta laga soo saaro (tusaale ahaan, iyada oo la dhigo, cementation, ama elektrowinning).
  • Biraha La Qaban Karo:Zinc cyanidation, lacag, naxaas (heap leaching), nickel, cobalt, iyo biraha kale ee adkaysta.
  • Case Study:
    • Gold Cyanidation: Macdanta si fiican loo shiiday ayaa lagu dhex daray xal cyanide ah; dahabku wuxuu sameeyaa isku-dhaf la milmi kara waxaana kadib lagu dhigo budada zinc (soosaar ≥90%). Wasakhowga cyanide waa in si adag loo xakameeyaa.
    • Copper Heap Leaching: Macdanta naxaasta ah ee tayada hoose (0.2%-0.5% Cu) ayaa lagu waraabiyaa asiidhka sulfuric; naxaasta ayaa ku milma waxaana la soo saaraa habka ilaalinta xulashada iyo korantada (SX-EW) sida naxaasta cathode (kharash jaban oo loogu talagalay macdanta tayada hoose).

2.2 Habka Kelin-dhiska Leaching

  • Mabaadii'da Aasaasiga ah:Macdanta marka hore waa la dubay heerkul sare (300-1000°C) si loo beddelo qaabkeeda (tusaale, dubista ogsijiinta ama hoos u dhigid), taasoo u beddelaysa biraha adkeysiga u leh qaab milma si loogu sameeyo leaching ka dib.
  • Biraha La Qaban Karo:Biraha refractory (tusaale, nickel sulfide, copper sulfide) iyo macdanta oksaydka (tusaale, hematite).
  • Case Study:
    • Nickel Sulfide Roasting: Waxaad u beddeshaa nickel sulfide nickel oxide, taas oo si sahlan loo nadiifin karo iyadoo la adeegsanayo asidka sulfuric, iyada oo laga fogaado faragelinta sulfide.
    • Refractory Gold Ore Roasting: Kheyraadka ka kooban arsenic iyo carbon, cadayntu waxay ka saartaa arsenic (oo u beddelan sida As₂O₃) iyo carbon (oo aad u nuugo dahabka), taasoo suurtogal ka dhigaysa cyanidation-ka xiga.

2.3 Microbial Beneficiation: Habka Saaxiibtinimo ee Deegaanka ee Kheyraadka Hooseeya

  • Falsafada:Xayawaanka qaar (tusaale, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans) waxay si metabolik ah u oxidaan metal sulfides si ay u noqdaan milixyo bir ah oo la fududeyn karo, taasoo suurtogal ka dhigaysa soo celinta birta laga helo xal—sidoo kale loo yaqaan bioleaching.
  • Biraha La Qaban Karo:Low-grade copper (e.g., porphyry copper), uranium, nickel, gold (sida caawinta ka saarista sulfuurka).
  • Faa'iidooyinka:Deegaanka saaxiibtinimo leh (ma jiro wax wasakh ah oo kiimiko ah), kharash yar (microb-yada ayaa is-dhaafiya), ku habboon macdanta leh darajooyinka cuprka ee hoos yimaada 0.1%-0.3%.
  • Dhibaatooyinka:Talaabooyin tartiib ah (usbuucyo ilaa bilo), xasaasiga ah heerkulka iyo xaaladaha deegaan.
  • Codsiga Caadiga ah:Ku dhawaad 20% wax soo saarka caalamiga ah ee copper-ka wuxuu ka yimaadaa bioleaching, sida hawlaha waaweyn ee leach-ka heap-ka ee Chile.

3. Fikradaha Aasaasiga ah ee 3-Tallaabo ee Xulashada Hababka Faa'iideynta

3.1 Falanqee Astaamaha Macdanta:

  • Macdanta magnetic (tusaale, magnetite) → Kala-soocida magnetic
  • Qaybo faaf leh oo leh kala duwanaansho hydrophobicity (tusaale, macdanta kaarboon) → Fuutinka
  • Qaybo weyn oo leh cufnaanta sare (tusaale, dahabka placer, tungsten) → Kala-soocida cufnaanta

3.2 Qiimee Qiyaasta Macdanta iyo Xoraynta:

  • Macdanta cufan ee tayada sare → Kala-soocida cufnaanta ama magnetic (kharash yar)
  • Macdanta faafka leh ee tayada hoose → Fuutinta ama leaching (sooc nadiif ah)
  • Macdanta aad u adkeysanaysa → Kiimikada ama bio-faa'iido gaar ah

3.3 Miisaaniyadda Dhaqaalaha iyo Kharashka Deegaanka:

  • Dooro ka faa'iidaysiga jirka si loo yareeyo isticmaalka tamarta iyo wasakheynta ugu yar
  • U kala tagista hababka kiimikada ama noolaha oo kaliya marka hababka jirka aanay waxtar lahayn, iyada oo la tixraacayo kharashka iyo saameynta deegaanka