Takaitawa：Metal ore beneficiation hanya mataki mai mahimmanci a masana'antar hakar ma'adanai, wanda aka nufa da raba ma'adinai masu daraja daga gangue bisa ga bambance-bambancen halayensu na jiki ko na sinadarai.

Metal ore beneficiation hanya mataki mai mahimmanci a masana'antar hakar ma'adanai, wanda aka nufa da raba ma'adinai masu daraja daga gangue bisa ga bambance-bambancen halayensu na jiki ko na sinadarai. Hanyoyin zamani na amfani da kayan aikin suna iya rarrabe zuwa rukuni guda guda uku: amfanin jiki, amfanin sinadarai, da amfanin halitta. Daga cikin wadannan, amfanin jiki shine mafi shahara saboda farashinsa mai rahusa da kuma kyakkyawar dangantaka da muhalli. Zaɓin ingantaccen hanyar amfanin sosai ya dogara da sigogin ma'adinai masu niyya, kamar su maganadiso, yawa, da kuma daskarewar akwat ɗin ruwa.

Metal Ore Beneficiation Methods

1. Amfani da Gaskiya: Mafita Mai Araha don Babban Aikace-aikace na Masana'antu

Amfani da gaskiya yana raba ma'adinai ba tare da canza kasancewar su na kimiyya ba, yana dogara kacokan kan bambance-bambancen kaddarorin jiki. Wannan hanya tana dacewa da yawancin ma'adinai masu sauƙin samun dama. Hanyoyin amfani da gaskiya guda hudu sune:

1.1 Rabon Magnetic: Samun Maƙasudin Membobin Jiki

  • Asalin Ka'ida:Yana amfani da bambance-bambancen magnetism na ma'adinai (misali, magnetite yana jan hankalin fili na magnetic, yayin da ma'adinai marasa amfani ba haka ba) don raba ma'adinai masu magnetic daga wadanda ba su da magnetic.
  • Applicable Metals: Babban ƙarfe, manganese, da chromium ma'adanai. Musamman yana da tasiri ga magnetite (mai ƙarfi magnetic) da pyrrhotite (rauni magnetic). Ana kuma amfani da shi don cire ƙuncin ƙarfe daga ma'adanai marasa ƙarfe kamar yashi na quartz.
  • Key Applications:
    • Shirye-shiryen inganta ƙarfe suna amfani da tsari na rarrabawa mai magnetic na roughing, tsaftacewa, da kuma nazarin don haɓaka abun ƙarfe daga 25%-30% zuwa fiye da 65%.
    • Ma'adanai masu rauni na magnetic kamar hematite ana yi musu gasa da farko don canza su zuwa magnetite kafin rarrabawar magnetic.
  • Amfanin:Low pollution, low energy consumption, and large processing capacity (single magnetic separators can handle thousands of tons per day).
Magnetic Separation

1.2 Flotation: “Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic” Separation of Fine Valuable Minerals

  • Asalin Ka'ida:Ana kara sinadarai (masu tara da masu hura kumfa) don sa mineral na ƙarfe da ake nufi ya zama hydrophobic. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna manne da kumfa kuma suna tashi zuwa saman a matsayin kumfa, yayin da mineral na ba da akayi ya kasance a cikin pulp.
  • Masana'antu Masu Amfani:Kopar, gawayi, zinc, molybdenum, zinariya, azurfi, da sauran ƙarfe masu danshi (matsakaita
  • Key Applications:
    • Tsarin da aka saba don ma'adinai na tagulla: Tattara tagulla ta sulfide yana inganta ma'adinai daga 0.3%-0.5% Cu zuwa 20%-25% tagulla mai tsabta.
    • Sabon dawowar zinare: Don zinare mai rarraba sosai, tattara yana farko yana mai da shi a cikin mai tsabta na sulfide, yana rage amfani da cyanide a cikin cyanidation na gaba.
  • Amfanin:Babban ingancin raba (adadin dawo da sama da 90%), yana da tasiri ga ma'adinai masu haɗaka da yawa.
  • Matsaloli:Amfani da sinadarai yana buƙatar maganin ruwa mai datti.
Flotation Machine

1.3 Raba Jijiya: Amfani da Bambancin Kauri don dawo da Manyan Karafa masu nauyi.

  • Asalin Ka'ida:Tsarin rarrabewar nauyi yana amfani da bambance-bambancen nauyi tsakanin ma'adinai masu nauyi da gangue mai haske a cikin filin nauyi ko juyawa.
  • Masana'antu Masu Amfani:Zinariya (ƙananan kankare da ƙananan kankare), tungsten, tin, antimony, musamman kankare masu nauyi fiye da 0.074 mm.
  • Key Applications:
    • Ayyukan hakar zinariya na amfani da kananan ruwa da tebura masu gumi don dawo da zinariya ta halitta tare da fiye da 95% dawo.
    • Ma'adinai tungsten da tin suna fuskantar rarrabewar nauyi a matsayin mataki mai kauri don watsi da 70%-80% na gangue mai ƙananan nauyi kafin shafin ruwan.
  • Amfanin:Babu gurbatar kimiyya, farashi mai ƙanƙanta, kayan aiki masu sauƙi.
  • Matsaloli:Low recovery for fine particles and minerals with small density differences.
Gravity Separation

1.4 Raba na'ura: Amfani da Bambancin Kayan Wuta don Metal Masu Musamman

  • Asalin Ka'ida:Yana raba ma'adanai bisa ga bambancin a cikin kwayoyin lantarki (misali, ma'adanai masu ƙarfe suna gudanarwa, ba masu ƙarfe ba) a cikin filin ƙarfin wuta mai yawa, inda ma'adanai masu jujjuyawa suka jawo ko kuma a kame ta hanyar electrodes.
  • Masana'antu Masu Amfani:Ana amfani da shi sosai don raba ma'adanan karfen da ba su da yawa kamar titanium, zirconium, tantalum, da niobium, ko don tsaftace ma'adanai (misali, cire gangue mara jujjuyawa daga ma'adanin copper/lead/zinc).
  • Key Applications:
    • Titanium separation from beach sands: A cikin Hainan, rarrabuwa ta lantarki tana ware ilmenite mai conductive daga quartz mara juyawa.
    • Concentrate purification: Cire quartz mara kyau daga tungsten concentrate don inganta darajarsa.
  • Amfanin:High separation precision, babu sinadarai.
  • Matsaloli:Mai jin kai ga danshi ( yana bukatar bushewa), karamin yawan aiki, yawanci ana amfani da shi a matsayin matakin tsaftacewa kawai.

2. Chemical Beneficiation: “Makomar Karshe” don Ma'adinai Masu Wuya

Lokacin da aka raba karafa minerals ko kuma sun hadu da gangue (misali, ma'adinai masu oxidi, sulfides masu wahala), hanyoyin jiki na iya gaza. Chemical beneficiation yana rushe tsarin ma'adanai don fitar da karafa, yawanci ta hanyar:

2.1 Leaching: “Rubar da Fitar da” Iyayen Karfe

  • Asalin Ka'ida:Ma'adinai suna nutse a cikin magungunan sinadarai (acid, alkali, ko kuma magungunan gishiri) don narkar da karfen da ake nema cikin magani mai dauke da ruwa (PLS), daga inda ake dawo da karfen (misali, ta hanyar fitar da shi, cementation, ko kuma electrowinning).
  • Masana'antu Masu Amfani:Zinari (cyanidation), azurfa, karfe (heap leaching), nikeli, cobalt, da kuma sauran karafa masu wahalar narkewa.
  • Misalin Nazari:
    • Cyanidation na Zinari: Ana hade ma'adinai masu kyau da maganin cyanide; zinari yana samar da hadadden abu mai narkewa kuma daga baya ana fitar da shi tare da kyau na zinariya (dawo ≥90%). Dabbacin gurbata cyanide dole ne a kula da shi sosai.
    • Haƙar Ƙarfe na Copper: Ore oxide na copper mai ƙarancin daraja (0.2%-0.5% Cu) ana shayar da shi da acid sulfuric; copper yana narkewa kuma ana dawo da shi ta hanyar fitar da magani da kuma hanyoyin fashewa (SX-EW) a matsayin copper na cathode (mai araha don ore mai ƙarancin daraja).

2.2 Tsarin Dafa-Fitar Hadin Gwiwa

  • Asalin Ka'ida:Ruwa na farko yana dafa a manyan yanayi (300-1000°C) don canza tsarinsa (misali, oxides ko kuma rage maiko), yana mai da karafa marasa juriya zuwa wani yanayi da za a iya fitar da shi a gaba.
  • Masana'antu Masu Amfani:Karin karafan da ba a iya duniya ba (misali, nickel sulfide, copper sulfide) da kuma ore oxide (misali, hematite).
  • Misalin Nazari:
    • Dafa Nickel Sulfide: Yana canza nickel sulfide zuwa nickel oxide, wanda ana iya fitar da shi cikin sauki tare da acid sulfuric, yana guje wa tsangwama daga sulfide.
    • Dafa Ore Zinariya Maras Juriya: Don ores masu dauke da arsenic da carbon, dafawa yana cire arsenic (wanda aka canza zuwa As₂O₃) da carbon (wanda zai iya adsorba zinariya), yana ba da damar cyanidation na gaba.

2.3 Microbial Beneficiation: An Environmentally Friendly Approach for Low-Grade Ores

  • Manufa:Wasu microorganisms (misali, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans) suna oxidize sulfides na karafa ta hanyar metabolism zuwa gishiri karafa masu warwarewa, wanda ke ba da damar dawo da karafa daga magani—wanda aka fi sani da bioleaching.
  • Masana'antu Masu Amfani:Karafa mai daraja ƙananan (misali, porphyry copper), uranium, nickel, zinariya (a matsayin taimakon cire sulfur).
  • Amfanin:Mai lafiya ga muhalli (babu gurbatar reagents na sinadarai), ƙaramin farashi (microbes suna maimaita kansu), ya dace da ma’adinai da darajar karafa ta kai matsayin 0.1%-0.3%.
  • Matsaloli:Slow reaction rates (weeks to months), sensitive to temperature and environmental conditions.
  • Typical Application:Kimanin kashi 20% na samar da naƙasasshen ƙarfe a duniya yana fitowa daga bioleaching, kamar manyan ayyukan leach a Chila.

3. Hanyar Kafaffen Hanyar Zabi Don Zaɓar Hanyoyin Hasken Ma'adinai

3.1 Nazarin Kayan Ma'adinai:

  • Kayan ma'adinai masu juyawa (misali, magnetite) → Raba juyawa
  • Kananan kwayoyin tare da bambance-bambancen hydrophobicity (misali, ma'adinan ƙarfe) → Fari
  • Kananan kwayoyin tare da babban nauyi (misali, zinariya mai ruwan zuba, tungsten) → Raba nauyi

3.2 Kimanta Matsayin Ma'adanin da Fitowa:

  • High-grade coarse ores → Raba nau'in nauyi ko na maganadisu (farashi mai rahusa)
  • Low-grade fine ores → Tsallake ko leaching (sake dawo da babban)
  • Extremely refractory ores → Sinadarin ko bio-beneficiation

3.3 Daidaita Arziki da Farashin Muhalli:

  • Fiye da amfani da hanyoyin jiki don rage amfani da makamashi da rage gurbatawa
  • Jefa hanyoyin sinadarai ko hanyoyin bio ne kawai lokacin da hanyoyin jiki ba su yi tasiri ba, auna farashi da tasirin muhallin