Isiphetho:Ukwelashwa kwe-chromite kubandakanya izigaba ezingaphezu kwesisodwa, ngokujwayelekile kufaka phakathi Ukuqhumisa, Ukugayiwa, Ukuhlukaniswa, Ukucindezelwa, kanye Nokukhipha Amanzi.

I-chromite ore iyinto ebalulekile yokwakha i-chromium, esetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni ehlukahlukene efana nokwenziwa kwensimbi engagqwali, ukukhiqizwa kwemithi, kanye nezinhlelo zokushisa okungamandla. Inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwe-chromite ore ihlose ukuhlukanisa izinto eziwusizo ze-chromite ezivela kwizinto ezihambisanayo ze-gangue, kunikeza ukufaka i-chromium futhi kuyenza ifanele ukuhlelwa okwengeziwe. Le ndatshana izohlanganyela ngokuqondile inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwe-chromite ore ngokususelwa kumdwebo ophakamisa, ibheke izigaba zonke zokuphathwa kwe-ore elihlanzekile kuze kube ukukhiqizwa kwe-chromite concentrate.

Chromite Ore Beneficiation Process

Objectives of Chromite Beneficiation

Izinsiza ze-chromitezehluka kakhulu ngobunjalo, umphumela, kanye nosayizi wombimbi ngokuya ngendawo yazo ye-geological. Ngokuvamile, i-chromite itholakala ezindongeni ze-ultramafic ne-mafic, ivamise ukuba ne-serpentine, i-olivine, i-magnetite, kanye nezinsalela ze-silicate.

Imigomo eyinhloko yokuthuthukiswa kwe-chromite ibandakanya:

  • Ukukhuphula okuqukethwe kwe-Cr₂O₃ ukuhlangabezana nezincazelo zemakethe (ivamise >40% ye-metallurgical grade).
  • Ukukhipha iziphazamisi ezinjenge-silica, i-alumina, i-magnesium oxide, kanye ne-iron oxides.
  • Thola ukusabalalisa usayizi wezinto ophakeme ukuze uqhuthe imikhiqizo ye-downstream.
  • Khulisa ukul recover chromite minerals.

I-Chromite Ore Beneficiation Process Flow

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-chromite kuhilela izigaba eziningi, ngokuvamile kufaka phakathi Ukucrusher, Ukugaya, Ukuhlukanisa, Ukuhlanganisa, nokukhipha amanzi. Ukukhethwa kwamasu kuncike ezakhiweni ze-ore kanye nezincazelo zomkhiqizo ezifisiwe.

1. Ukuphathwa Kwe-Raw Ore

Inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwe-chromite iqala ngokuphathwa kwe-raw ore. I-raw ore, evamise ukuvundliswa emigodini evulekile noma emigodini engaphansi, iqala ifedhwe kwi-feeder. Indima ye-feeder iwukuwulawula ukuhamba kwe-raw ore, iqinisekisa ukuhlinzekwa okuqhubekayo nokulawulwa kwezigaba ezilandelayo zokucindezela. Le yisinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile njengoba ibeka isisekelo senqubo yokuthuthukiswa, ivimba ukudluliswa okweqile noma okungafaneleko kwezinsiza zokucindezela.

2. Isigaba Sokucwiliswa

2.1 Ukucwiliswa Okokuqala

The raw ore from the feeder is then directed to a PE jaw crusher for primary crushing. The PE jaw crusher is a robust piece of equipment that uses a compressive force to break the large chunks of raw ore into smaller pieces. It has a wide feed opening and can handle relatively large particles. The crushing action in the jaw crusher occurs as the moving jaw compresses the ore against the fixed jaw, reducing its size. The output of the primary crusher is typically in the range of several tens of millimeters in size, which is then ready for further processing in the secondary crushing stage. Okukhishwa okuhamba phambili kuPE jaw crusher ukuya komfutho. I-PE jaw crusher iyinsiza enamandla esebenzisa amandla okucindezela ukuyiphula imithwalo emikhulu ye-ore ibe izingcezu ezincane. Inomkhawulo omkhulu wokudla futhi ingabamba amaphuzu amakhulu. Umsebenzi wokuphula kwi-jaw crusher wenzeka njengoba i-jaw eshukumayo icindezela i-ore ngaphansi kwejawu eqinile, yehlisa usayiziwayo. Umphumela we-crusher wokuqala uvamise ukuba phakathi kwemikhawulo emithathu yama-millimeters, okuba sekulungele ukucutshungulwa okwengeziwe esigabeni sokuphula sesibili.

2.2 Ukuphuka Okwesibili

Ngemuva kokuphuka okuyinhloko, i-ore ifakwa emshinini wokuphuka we-cone ukuze kuphuke okwesele. I-cone crusher iqhubeka nokwehlisa usayizi wezinto ze-ore ngokufaka inhlanganisela yokucindezelwa namandla okugunda. Ine-chamber yokuphuka ye-conical enomphakathi ohambayo kanye ne-concave eqinile. I-ore iphukile njengoba idlula phakathi kwesikhala phakathi komphakathi kanye ne-concave, okuholela ekwakheni ukusatshalaliswa kwemithamo yezinto okunembile. Umkhiqizo ovela kumshini wokuphuka we-cone kufanele uhlolwe usebenzisa isihlungi esivunguzelayo. Isihlungi esivunguzelayo sihlukanisa i-ore ephukile sibe izigaba ezahlukene, lapho izinto ezinkulu kune-20 mm zibuyiselwa kumshini wokuphuka we-cone ukuze ziphuke futhi, futhi izinto ezisemkhakheni ofunwayo (ongaphansi kwe-3 mm kulokhu) zithunyelwa esigabeni esilandelanayo sezinqubo.

Chromite Ore Beneficiation Process Flow Chart

3. Ukugaya

Uthuli oluhlolwe olunezinga olungaphansi kuka-3 mm lufakwe emshinini we-ball mill wokugaya. I-ball mill iyinsiza ewumbo yonke egcwele amabholi ensimbi. Njengoba umshini uphinde, amabholi ensimbi ayagaya futhi abhubhise izinhlayiya zothuli, ezithoba zibe yipulver. Inqubo yokugaya ibaluleke kakhulu ekukhululeni izinto eziphathelene ne-chromite ezintweni ezikhaliphile. Izinga lokugaya lilonke lihlolwe ngokucophelela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto ze-chromite zikhululeka ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokugaya kakhulu, okuyoholela ekwandeni kokusetshenziswa kwamandla nasemphumeleni wezinto ezincane eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinzima ukuhlukanisa.

4. Classification

Ngemuva kokugaya, i-ore slurry evela ebholiweni imishini ifakwa kwi-spiral classifier. I-spiral classifier isebenzisa umehluko ekushayeleni kwezakhi ezahlukene ezindaweni ezahlukene ukuze ihlukanise. Izinto ezinkulu futhi ezinzima zihlala phansi ngokushesha futhi zithwalwa yi-spiral conveyor engezansi kwe-classifier, kanti izinto ezincane zihlala esiphumeleni se- liquid futhi zikhishwa njengokugqwala. I-underflow evela kwi-spiral classifier, equkethe izinto ezijulile, ivame ukubuyiselwa kubholo imishini ukuze iqhubeke nokugaya, kanti i-overflow, equkethe izinto ezikhishwayo, iya esigabeni sokukhulisa.

5. Isigaba sokugxila

5.1 Ukugijima

Imbewu efinyeziwe ye-ore evela ku-spiral classifier overflow iqala ukufakwa ku-jigger. I-jigger iyithuluzi lokwahlukanisa elisebenza ngokusekelwe ekuhlukanisweni kobunzima obuthile bezinsimbi ze-chromite kanye nezinto eziphumelelayo. I-chromite inokuhlukahluka okuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsimbi eziningi eziphumelelayo. Ku-jigger, kusekelwa ukuhamba kwamanzi okuphakanyiswe, okwenza ukuthi ama-chromite anWeight heavier ahlehle phansi kanti ama-particles angaphansi ahlala ezingeni eliphezulu. Umkhiqizo ophansi we-jigger i-chromite - eyinhlanganisela, ethunyelwa kwisilose sokugxila, ngenkathi i-ore ephakathi nezinsalela ziqhubeka processing.

5.2 Ukuhlukaniswa Kwe-Spiral Chute

Imbali ephakathi ye-ore ivuma ku-spiral chute. I-spiral chute iyidivayisi ye-gravity - ukuhlukaniswa ethatha imiphumela ehlanganisiwe ye-gravity, amandla we-centrifugal, kanye nokuhlangana ukuze ihlukanise amakhonkco. Njengoba i-ore slurry iwela phansi kwi-spiral chute, amakhonkco amakhulu e-chromite ahamba ejezi elaphakathi le-chute futhi aqoqwa njengokuxubana, kuyilapho amakhonkco alula e-gangue ahamba ejezi elingaphandle futhi akhishwa njenge-tailings. Ukuxubana okuvela kwi-spiral chute kukhona futhi kuthunyelwa kwi-silo yokuxubana, futhi i-ore ephakathi ingaqhubeka icutshungulwe.

5.3 Ukwehlukana Kwetafula Lokush shake

Imayelana ne-ore ephakathi evela ku-chute ye-spiral neminye imikhiqizo ephakathi ifakwe etafuleni lokush shake ukuze kwehlukaniswe ngaphezulu. Itafula lokush shake lisebenza kahle ekwehlukaniseni ama-particles anobukhulu obuncane ngokusekelwe kumass ethile, ukumiswa, nobukhulu. Itafule lomshosho linephethelo eliphakeme elihlabayo, elenza ama-particles ahambe ngendlela ye-zig-zag. Ama-chromite anezisindo ezinzima ahamba kancane futhi agxile enhlangano ephansi letafula, kanti ama-gangue anesisindo esincane ahamba ngokushesha futhi aphumule enhlangano ephezulu. Ama-shaking tables amaningi angasetshenziswa ngomjikelezo ukuze kuzuze izinga eliphakeme lokwehlukana futhi kukhiqizwe i-chromite concentrate yekhwalithi ephezulu.

6. Isigaba Sokukhipha Amanzi

6.1 Ukuqina

I-chromite concentrate evela esigabeni sokuhlukaniswa iqukethe inani elikhulu lamanzi. Ukuze kuncishiswe okuqukethwe kwamanzi, i-concentrate iqala ihanjiswe esikhumulweni sokuqina. Isikhumulweni sokuqina sitholakala cishe sibe yisitshalo esikhulu esicilindrike lapho i-concentrate slurry ivunyelwe ukuba ihlale ngokuhlanganyela nomthelela wezinto ezisezandleni. Njengoba ama-particles ehla, amanzi acacile phezulu ayahliswa, futhi i-concentrate eqinile ethola phansi iyakhishwa. Isikhumulweni sokuqina sisiza ukukhulisa okuqukethwe kwezinto eziqinile ze-concentrate kusukela cishe emhlabeni phakathi kuka-20 - 30% kuya ku-40 - 60%.

6.2 Ukuhlunga kweVacuum

Ngemuva kokuphakamisa, i-concentrate eqinile idluliselwa kwi-filter ye-vacuum. I-filter ye-vacuum usesha ingcindezi ye-vacuum ukuze ihudule amanzi ngokusebenzisa umphakathi wokuhlunga, ishiyela i-filter cake ye-chromite concentrate. Inqubo yokuhlunga ye-vacuum iw reduces umswakama we-concentrate ukuze ufaneleke ukupakisha nokuhanjiswa, ngokujwayelekile cishe phakathi kuka-8 - 12%. I-chromite concentrate eyivelayo ithunyelwa kwi-silo ye-concentrate ukuze igcinwe ngokwakho.

7. Ukulahla i-Tailings

Izinsalela ezivela ezigabeni ezahlukene zokuhlukaniswa, ezingama-gangue materials, ziqoqwa futhi zisetshenziswe ngendlela enobungane emvelweni. Izinsalela zingagcinwa ezinkundleni zezinsalela noma zihlolwe ukuze kutholakale noma iyiphi imingcele ewusizo engakahlekwa, noma ukuze kwehliswe umthelela wazo emvelweni. Kwezinye zezimo, izinsalela zingaphindwa zabe ziphinde zihlolwe ngezindlela zokuhlukanisa ezengeziwe ukuze kwandiswe ukutholwa kwechromite ezimayini ezingakagqoki.

Ukuhlela Inqubo Nokubhekana Nezinkinga

Ukusebenza Okuhle Kwemisebenzi

Ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokwaneliseka kwezomnotho kwenqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwe-chromite ore, kunamazinga amaningi okwenza ngcono angathathwa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwenza ngcono izinto zokucindezela nokugaya ukuze kufinyelelwe ekukhululweni okuhle kwe-chromite minerals ngenkathi kuncishiswa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ukukhethwa nokulungiswa kwezimfuneko zokuhlukaniswa, njengokuhamba kwamanzi ku-jigger kanye ne-amplitude yokuhlasela kwe-tabling, nakho kungenza kube nokusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokulawula inqubo ezithuthukisiwe kungasiza ekuqapheleni nasekulungiseni inqubo ngesikhathi sangempela, kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okunokwethenjelwa kanye nokukhipha umkhiqizo ophumelelayo.

Challenges

I- chromite ore beneficiation process iphindelela nezinselelo eziningi. Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu ubuchwepheshe bokuphatha ukungafani kokwaliphi elinempilo. Ama-chromite ore deposits angaba nezinhlaka ezinkulu ku-mineralogy, grade, kanye nokwabiwa kwesikhumba, okungathinta ukusebenza kahle kwe- beneficiation process. Enye inkinga ukuvikelwa kwemvelo. Inqubo ye-beneficiation ikhiqiza inani elikhulu le-tailing, elidinga ukuphathwa kahle ukuze kugwenywe ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. Futhi, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi enzukweni kungaba yinkinga ezindaweni ezinomthamo ophansi wamanzi, futhi kudingeka imizamo yokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokSaving amanzi nezinhlelo zokuphinda zisetshenziswe.

The chromite ore beneficiation process is a complex and multi - stage operation that involves a series of physical separation techniques to extract valuable chromite minerals from raw ore. Each stage, from raw ore handling to the production of chromite concentrate and tailings disposal, plays a crucial role in ensuring the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the process. By understanding the principles and operations of each stage, as well as addressing the challenges and opportunities for optimization, the chromite ore beneficiation industry can continue to improve its performance and contribute to the sustainable supply of chromium for various industrial applications.