Izinyathelo Ezi-4 Zokuthuthukiswa Kwamaminerali e-Copper-Gold e-Indonesia

Isiphetho:Phenya inqubo ebalulekile yeziqu ezine yokuhlobisa ama-ore we-porphyry copper-gold wase-Indonesia, kusukela ekuchotshozweni nasekugayweni kuya ekudonseni nasekuthululeni, uchaza imishini nezilawuli eziyinkinga zokusebenza ukuze uthole ukusebenza kahle okukhulu.

I-Indonesia iyindawo ebalulekile emhlabeni yokukhiqiza igolide. Izigodi zegolide zayo zihlukaniswe kakhulu zibe yi-Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposits, Placer Gold, kanye ne-Oxidized Ores. Phakathi kwalezi, i-Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposits, ehlonishwa ngobukhulu bayo obukhulu, ubuhlobo obuseduze phakathi kwekhabhoni negolide, kanye nezinhlelo zokucubungula ezithuthukile, ibumba umsombuluko ogqame kakhulu wokukhiqiza igolide e-Indonesia kanye nomthombo wayo ophakathi kwenani lezomnotho.

Iphrofayela Yesinsiza Nokuhlelwa

Izinsiza ezinomsebenzi omkhulu wezomnotho ziyi-Porphyry Copper-Gold.

Izici Zempahla:Isici esiyisisekelo saleli phakethe wukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kwezakhi zomkhiqizo wezinsimbi (ikakhulukazi iChalcopyrite) nezinsimbi zegolide. Igolide ivame ukuvela ezakhiweni ezincane ngaphakathi kwezakhi eziphephile njengechalcopyrite. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi amaqoqo ezinsimbi ezithwele igolide kumele abuyiswe njengomkhiqizo ophelele nge-flotation ukuze kufezwe ukususa kahle kwezinani zensimbi zegolide kanye nezinsimbi.

Ukusatshalaliswa Okukhulu:Izinsiza ziqinile kakhulu ezindaweni ezimbalwa ezisezingeni lomhlaba, ikakhulukazi:

• I- Grasberg Deposit ePapua Province, ithuluzi eliphakeme lomhlaba wogolide-nekhophi.
• I-Batu Hijau Deposit esiqhingini saseSumbawa, enye yephalamende ye-porphyry copper-gold enkulu kakhulu e-Indonesia.

Inqubo Yokucubungula Ibhakede Lwenziwe Ngensimbi Nezinqe Zegolide Elinyathelwe Ngezinyathelo Ezine

Uhambo olusuka ekukhanyeni kwezimayini kuya ekuphuculweni kwekhono le-copper-gold okuhlukanisiwe ngokuvamile lubandakanya izigaba ezine ezibalulekile.

Isinyathelo 1: Ukucindezela

Lo mqondo wokuqala unciphisa i-ore ngaphansi kuka-15mm, ngokujwayelekile usebenzisa inqubo yezinyathelo ezintathu, evuliwe.

• Ukucindezela Okuyinhloko:Qedini eduze komdabu, amakhasi aphezulu, asebenza kahle ama-Gyratory Crushers noma ama-Jaw Crushers amakhulu ahl reduction ore kusuka kumalunga afika ku-1.5 meters kuya phansi kwe-250-300mm.
• Ukuphahlazeka Okujwayelekile:Umkhiqizo omkhulu uqhubeka udluliswa ngama-Standard Cone Crushers bese uhlelwe ngama-Heavy-Duty Vibrating Screens.
• Ukuhlinzwa kwe-Tertiary:Iphuzu elithi "inter-particle comminution" le-HPGR lidala iminqamulala eminingi ngaphakathi kwesikhumbuzo, kunciphisa kakhulu ukuthonya kwamandla esigabeni sokugaya esilandelayo (okulinganiselwa ku-15%-30%). Umkhiqizo wesithathu ubuyela esikrinini, wakha umjikelezo ovalayo ophawulela usayizi womkhiqizo wokugcina cishe ku- -15mm.

Isinyathelo 2: Ukugaya

Le ngxenye isebenzisa amandla omshini ukuze ifinyelele ukukhululwa okujulile kwamaminerali abalulekile (i-chalcopyrite enegolidi) ezinsungwini (ikakhulukazi i-pyrite ne-quartz), okungumsebenzi obalulekile ukuze kube nokukhuphuka okufanele.

• I-Semi-Autogenous Grinding (SAG):Umkhiqizo owugqokileyo udluliselwa kwi-SAG Mill, usebenzisa i-ore uqobo njengengxenye yokuphosa yokugaya ukuze kube nomthelela nokugxila.
• Ukuhlukaniswa & Ukuqina Okuthile:Ukukhishwa kwe-SAG mill kuhlolwa, lapho impahla ingena ohlelweni lokugaya olwandlalwayo oluhlanganisa amaBall Mill amakhulu kanye nezixhumanisi ze-Hydrocyclone. Ama-Hydrocyclones, njengedivayisi yokuhlukanisa eyinhloko, ahlukanisa umkhiqizo ogayiwe ube yizicucu ezincane (ukuphuza, okubika ukujolisa) nezicucu ezinkulu (ukuphuma, okubuyela ku-ball mill ukuze kugaywe kabusha). Ukulawulwa kahle kwemingcele ye-cyclone kuqinisekisa ukuthi ubunzima bokugcina bokugaya buhambisana nezinga elibekiwe le-65%-80% lidlula ku-200 mesh, ukuqinisekisa ukukhululwa kahle kwe-chalcopyrite.

Isinyathelo 3: Ukuhlukaniswa KweFlotation

Ukufaka emanzini kuyinto "yenhliziyo" yenqubo. Kusebenzisa umehluko ezindleleni zokwakheka kwezinsimbi, kudidiyelwe nokulawulwa kwama-reagents ngezikhawu ezithile kanye nozakwethu, ukuze kuhlonze futhi kuhlanzeke izinsimbi ze-copper-gold ngezinyathelo.

1. Ukwehlisa Okujula (Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezinhlaka):

• Inhloso:Thuthukisa ukuvuselelwa kwezinsimbi zetshezi zensimbi-golide ezikhululiwe ukusuka ku-pulp ewumquba ophakathi ngezikhathi eziyinqaba, usethe ukuvuselelwa okuphakeme kwedijithali yonke.
• Ukusebenza & Imishini:I-pulp ethile inamathelwe iphushwa kwi-series yeMechanical Agitation Flotation Cells (Rougher Banks). I-lime ifakwa kuqala ukuze iqinise pH ye-pulp ibe ku-10.5-12.0, yehlisa i-pyrite. Bese, kufakwa ama-collectors e-xanthate akhethiweyo ukwenza ubfaces bechalcopyrite bube ne-hydrophobic, kanti ama-frothers aqinisekisa ukuthi ama-bubbles ahlala ezinzile, afanele usayizi. Ngaphansi kokuphazamiseka okunamandla nokuhlanjululwa, izimayini ze-hydrophobic ezinegolide zixhunywa kuma-bubbles, zinyuka ngokushesha ukuze zenze ungqimba lwe-froth oluthathwa njengesiqhwa se-Rougher.

2. Ukukhuphuka Kwezinto (Ukuvikela I-Tailings):

• Inhloso:Phuma" futhi ubuyise izinto eziwusizo ezisele eziku-tails ezinzima, ezibalulekile ekwehliseni izinga lokugcina le-tails nasekukwandiseni ukuwina jikelele.
• Ukusebenza & Imishini:Amatshonazi anqabile adlula kumakhasi e-Scavenger Flotation. I-collector eyengeziwe ivame ukwengezwa lapha ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla anele okuqoqwa. Umkhiqizo we-scavenger froth ngokuvamile ubuyiselwa emkhulelweni we-rougher noma emjikelezweni wokuqinisekisa.

3. Ukuhlanzeka Okuphakanyisiwe (Ukuhlanzwa Ngokwezigaba):

• Inhloso:Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi "clean" futhi "purify" i-concentrate ehlongozwayo ngezinyathelo eziningi, ususa i-gangue ehlanganisiwe kanye nezinto ezingcolile ukuze ukhiqize i-concentrate yokugcina ehambisana nezincazelo zezimakethe.
• Ukusebenza & Imishini:Umkhawulo ophumelelayo ungene emjik jinsé wemishini yokuhlanzeka enezigaba eziningi (kujwayelekile 3-5 izigaba). Ukuhlanza kwenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithambile, kuvame ukusebenzisa amaFlotation Columns noma amaseli wokuhlanzeka anikeziwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhethwa. Izinsalela zendlela ngayinye yokuhlanzeka zibuyiselwa esigabeni esedlule, zakha umjikelezo wokuhlanzwa ocishiwe, okwenziwe ngezigaba. Umkhiqizo Wokugcina weCopper-Gold Bulk Concentrate uvame ukubhalwa ngaphezu kuka-20% Cu.

Isinyathelo sesi-4: Ukukhipha amanzi & ukuLawulwa kwezithako zendlebe

Le ndawo yokugcina igcwalisa ukulungiswa komkhiqizo kokuthunyelwa futhi iqinisekisa ukusebenzisa ngendlela ephephile imfucumfucu, iqeda ukuqhubeka kokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo.

1. Ukunciphisa Amanzi Okugxila (Ukuqedelwa Komkhiqizo):

• Inhloso:Guqula i-flotation concentrate slurry ibe yimali enomfutho ophansi, ethwalwa kalula, futhi efanele ukugcinwa.
• Ukusebenza & Imishini:I-syrup yokuqinisa ingangena ku-High-Rate Thickener ukuze iqiniswe ekuqaleni. Ukusuka ku-thickener kuzoqinisekiswa ku-Ceramic Filters noma ama-Filter Presses ukuze kuqedwe amanzi, ekugcineni kukhiqizwa i-cake yokuhlunga enokuqukethwe kokunisela okungaphansi kwe-12%.

2. Ukuphathwa Kwezimfucuza (Imvelo & Ukuphinda Kusetshenziswe):

• Inhloso:Phumula ngokuphepha amathala omsebenzi futhi uphinda usebenzise amanzi, uhambisana nezidingo zemvelo nezokuphilisana.
• Ukusebenza & Imishini:I-Tailings ye-flotation igijimiswa nge-Slurry Pumps namapayipi iye kwi-Tailings Storage Facility (TSF) eyakhiwe ngokuya ngamazinga okuphepha. Amanzi acacisiwe avela kwi-TSF agcinwa kakhulu ukuze abuyiswe em plantini ngehlelo lamanzi abuyisayo.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwemigodi yensimbi ye-khulu negolide yase-Indonesia akusikho ukuhamba nje kwezinyathelo, kodwa kuyisiphepho esiqondile sokuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe obunembile. Ukusuka ekunciphiseni okuqinile kokuphahlwa kuya ekukhululeni okufezwayo ekugayeni, kokukhethwa ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa, nasekuvaleni okuthobekile ekuncibilikeni, izigaba ngayinye ixhomeke kwenye. Le nqubo ihlelwe ukuhola inselelo eyodwa eyingqayizivele ephakanyiswa ubudlelwane obuseduze phakathi kwensimbi ye-khulu negolide ekuhlakuleleni kwe-porphyry. Le ndlela ehlangene iqinisekisa ukuvuselelwa okuphezulu kwezinsimbi zewayo eziyigugu ngenkathi ihambisana nezinga lamanje lokusebenza kahle nokuphathwa kwemvelo, iqinisa isimo sase-Indonesia emmaphakathi wezinsimbi zomhlaba. Impumelelo ixhomeke ekwenzeni kahle okwakhiwe kwezinyathelo ngayinye nasekuhlanganiseni okungekho emthethweni kokuhamba okuhlanganisiwe.