Isiphetho:Ukuhlanzwa kwezinsimbi zensimbi kuwumgomo obalulekile embonini yokumba, ehlose ukuhlukanisa izinsimbi eziyigugu ezivela ku-gangue ngokuya ngezimpawu zabo zomzimba noma ze-khemikhali.

Ukuhlanzwa kwezinsimbi zensimbi kuwumgomo obalulekile embonini yokumba, ehlose ukuhlukanisa izinsimbi eziyigugu ezivela ku-gangue ngokuya ngezimpawu zabo zomzimba noma ze-khemikhali. Izindlela eziyisisekelo zokuhlanzwa zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: ukuhlanzwa kwezomzimba, ukuhlanzwa kwekhemikhali, nokuhlanzwa kwe-bio. Phakathi kwalezi, ukuhlanzwa kwezomzimba kusekelwe kakhulu ngenxa yokuba nezindleko eziphansi nokuhlobana kahle nemvelo. Ukukhethwa kwendlela efanele yokuhlanzwa kuncike kakhulu ezimfanelweni zezinsimbi ezihlosiwe, njengokukhanya kwemagnethi, ubukhulu, kanye nomswakama ohlanzekile.

Metal Ore Beneficiation Methods

1. Physical Beneficiation: Isixazululo Esibizi Okuphansi Sokusebenza Kwezimboni Ezibanzi

Ukuthuthukiswa komzimba kuhlukanisa amaminerali ngaphandle kokushintsha ukwakheka kwawo kwemikhakha, kusekelwe kuphela kumahluko ezimfanelo zomzimba. Le ndlela ifanelekile kumaminerali wensimbi akhululekile kalula. Izindlela eziyisisekelo zokuthuthukiswa komzimba zimi kanje:

1.1 Ukuhlukaniswa Kwamagnetic: Ukubuyiselwa Kwadabuliwe Kwezimbiwa Ezihambayo

  • Isimiso Esiyisisekelo:Utiliza umehluko kumagnetism yamaminerali (isb., i-magnetite ikhangwa emkhakheni wamagnetic, kanti amaminerali e-gangue awakhethi) ukuhlukanisa amaminerali e-magnetic nawawungamagnetic.
  • Metali Ezisebenzisekayo: Ikakhulu insimbi, manganisi, kanye nemaminerali e-chromium. Kuphawuleka kakhulu kuma-magnetite (okwakha amandla amakhulu) kanye ne-pyrrhotite (okwakha amandla aphansi). Futhi kusetshenziselwa ukususa impure ye-insimbi kumaminerali angenamathe njenge-quartz sand.
  • Izicelo Eziyinhloko:
    • Izitshalo zokuthuthukiswa kwe-iron ore zisebenzisa ukuhlanganiswa komugqa we-magnetic separation wokuqeda, ukuhlanza, nokuhudula ukuze kuthuthukiswe okuqukethwe kwe-insimbi kusuka ku-25%-30% kuya phezulu kuka-65%.
    • Iziminerali ezinamandla aphansi njenge-hematite ziqala zibhakabhakwe ukuze ziguqulwe zibe yi-magnetite ngaphambi kokuhlukaniswa kwe-magnetic.
  • Izinto ezinhle:Ukungcoliswa okuphansi, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, kanye nemsebenzi enkulu yokucubungula (abahlukanisi abanye bemagneti bangaphatha ithoni eziyizinkulungwane ngosuku).
Magnetic Separation

1.2 Ukukhuphuka: “Ukuhlukaniswa Kwamaminerali Amancinane Ayigugu” Kwe-Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic

  • Isimiso Esiyisisekelo:Izinto (abalawuli kanye nabamphuli) zengezwa ukuze zenze insimbi efanele ibe hydrophobic. Lezi zinsalela zixhumana namabhakede omoya bese ziqhubeka ziya phezulu njengefroth, ngenkathi imayini engafanele ihlala kuphulp.
  • Izinsimbi Ezisebenzisekayo:Uphondo, umphakatsi, zinc, molybdenum, igolide, isiliva, nezinye izinsimbi ezincane (ngokuvamile
  • Izicelo Eziyinhloko:
    • Izenzo ezijwayelekile ze-copper ore: I-sulfide copper flotation ithuthukisa umgubo ukusuka ku-0.3%-0.5% Cu iye ku-20%-25% copper concentrate.
    • Ukubuyiswa kwegolide okuncedisayo: Ukuze kugolide okukahle ukusabalala, ukugaya kuqala kukuqokelela ku-concentrate ye-sulfide, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide ekulandeleni kwenqubo ye-cyanidation.
  • Izinto ezinhle:Ukwehlukaniswa okuphezulu kahle (amarekhodi okuphumelela angaphezulu kuka-90%), kuyasebenza kuma-ore aphezulu aphezulu.
  • Izinto ezingalungile:Ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokwenza izinqubo kudinga ukwelashwa kwemfucumfucu.
Flotation Machine

1.3 Ukuhlukaniswa Ngezinto: Ukwenza ngokusebenzisa Ukuhluka Kwesisindo Ukuze Kutholakale Izinsimbi Ezinkulu Ezinsizweni Ezisindayo

  • Isimiso Esiyisisekelo:Ukuhlukaniswa kokwehla kusebenzisa umehluko wezimpilo phakathi kwezinsimbi ezinzima nezinsimbi ez lighter emkhakheni wokudonsa kwegravitation noma i-centrifugal.
  • Izinsimbi Ezisebenzisekayo:Gold (placer kanye lode ukubunjwa okukhulu), tungsten, tin, antimony, ikakhulukazi ukubunjwa okukhulu okukhulu kune 0.074 mm.
  • Izicelo Eziyinhloko:
    • Ukuntshontsha igolide ye-plaser kusebenzisa izigubhu nezinkundla eziyindilinga ukuze kutholakale igolide yemvelo enezinga lokubuyisa elingaphezu kuka-95%
    • Amaminerali e-tungsten kanye ne-tin adlula ekwehleni kwemithwalo njengendlela yokususa ukulahla u-70%-80% we-gangue enedensity encane ngaphambi kokuhudula.
  • Izinto ezinhle:Akunampilo ye-chemicals, izindleko ezisezingeni eliphansi, nemishini elula.
  • Izinto ezingalungile:Ukubuyiswa okuphansi kwemikhono emincane kanye namaminerali anama-density amancane alinganayo.
Gravity Separation

1.4 Ukuhlukaniswa Kwe-Electrostatic: Ukusebenzisa Umehluko Wokuxhumana Kwezimetal Zokugcina.

  • Isimiso Esiyisisekelo:Iziphuzo zezimboni zihlukaniswa ngokuhlukahluka kokuhamba kwezimali (isb., izimboni ze-metal zisebenza, ezingeni ezingenakuthola azisebenzisi) endaweni ye-high-voltage, lapho izimboni ezihambayo zithakazeliswa noma zikhutshwa ngama-electrode.
  • Izinsimbi Ezisebenzisekayo:Imvamisa isetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa izimboni zezimetal ezitholakala kanzima njenge-titanium, zirconium, tantalum, kanye ne-niobium, noma ukuze kucwebezwe ama-concentrate (isb., ukususa i-gangue engahambile ku-copper/lead/zinc concentrates).
  • Izicelo Eziyinhloko:
    • Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-titanium kumsandulela wemithi: E-Hainan, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-electrostatic kuhlukanisa i-ilmenite ehambayo kwi-quartz engahambile.
    • Ukucacisa kokugxila: Ukukhipha i-quartz engahambeli kahle ku-tungsten concentrate ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-gradi yayo.
  • Izinto ezinhle:Ukwehlukaniswa okunembile okuphezulu, akukho zinsalela zamakhemikhali.
  • Izinto ezingalungile:Ubucayi emanzini (badinga ukuf drying), ukusebenza okuphansi, ivamise ukusetshenziswa kuphela njengesinyathelo sokuhlanza.

2. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwamakhimi: “Isixazululo Sokugcina” Sokuthola Amaminerali Aphikiwe

Lapho imichiza yensimbi ihlukaniswe kahle noma ibotshiwe kakhulu ne-gangue (isb., ama-ore apholile, ama-sulfides ayinkimbinkimbi), izindlela zomzimba zingahle zingaphumeleli. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezemichiza kuhlukanisa izakhiwo zemichiza ukuze kukhishwe izinsimbi, ikakhulukazi nge:

2.1 Ukukhipha: “Ukuhlangana kanye Nokukhishwa” Kwe-Metal Ions

  • Isimiso Esiyisisekelo:I-ores igcwaliswa ezixubheni zamakhemikhali (i-asidi, i-alkali, noma izixazululo zetshe) ukuze ikhothe insimbi ephakanyiswe esixazululweni sokukhipha (PLS), lapho insimbi ibuyiswa khona (isb., ngokushintsha, i-cementation, noma i-electrowinning).
  • Izinsimbi Ezisebenzisekayo:Igolide (i-cyanidation), isiliva, i-copper (heap leaching), i-nickel, i-cobalt, kanye nezinye insimbi ezinzima.
  • Ukwenziwa Kocwaningo:
    • Ukukhishwa Kwegolide: I-ore efinyeziwe ibhansiwile ne-solutions ye-cyanide; igolide idala i-complex evuthayo futhi kamuva iyashiswa ngothuli lwezinc (ukubuyiselwa ≥90%). Ukungcoliswa kwe-cyanide kufanele kuphathwe kahle.
    • Copper Heap Leaching: I-oxide copper ore enezinga eziphansi (0.2%-0.5% Cu) igcwele nge-sulfuric acid; u-copper uyanyamalala futhi ubuyiselwa nge-solvent extraction kanye ne-electrowinning (SX-EW) njengokuthi u-copper we-cathode (okonga izindleko ze-ore eziphansi).

2.2 I-Process ehlanganisa i-Roasting-Leaching

  • Isimiso Esiyisisekelo:I-Ore iqala ukupheka ezishisayo (300-1000°C) ukuze iguqule isakhiwo sayo (isb., ukufudumala okuvuthayo noma ukuvuthwa okuncane), iguqula imetal eziyinkimbinkimbi zibe ngendlela eyenzeka ukuze kube nokuqhubekela phambili kwe-leaching.
  • Izinsimbi Ezisebenzisekayo:I-Refractory sulfides (isb., nickel sulfide, copper sulfide) kanye ne-oxide ores (isb., hematite).
  • Icwaninga lwezimo:
    • Nickel Sulfide Roasting: Guqula i-nickel sulfide ibe i-nickel oxide, elula ukuchitheka nge-sulfuric acid, evitando ukungenelela kwe-sulfide.
    • Refractory Gold Ore Roasting: Ukuze amaminerali aqukethe i-arsenic ne-carbon, ukushisa kususwa i-arsenic (edlula njenge As₂O₃) ne-carbon (engakwazi ukumunca igolide), kuvumela i-cyanidation elandelayo.

2.3 Microbial Beneficiation: Indlela Eco-Friendly Yokuthola Amaminerali Ahlukene

  • Isimiso:Ezinye izitshalo (isb., Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans) ziqukethe i-metallurgical oxidize metal sulfides zibe yizinsalela zezimali ezixazululiwe, kuvumela ukus recuperi kwemali ngoku-ethile—okwaziwa nangokuthi i-bioleaching.
  • Izinsimbi Ezisebenzisekayo:Low-grade copper (e.g., porphyry copper), uranium, nickel, gold (njengoba usizo lokukhipha i-sulfur).
  • Izinto ezinhle:Ukusebenza kwemvelo (akukho ukungcoliswa kwemakhemikhali), izindleko eziphansi (ama-microbes azikhiqiza), afanele ama-ore anikeza i-copper grading elingaphezu kuka 0.1%-0.3%.
  • Izinto ezingalungile:Izinga lokuphendula elibuthakathaka (amasonto kuya ezinyangeni), lithinteka kakhulu ekushiseni nasezimo zemvelo.
  • Izinhlelo Ezijwayelekile:U aproximadamente 20% wokukhiqizwa kwe-copper emhlabeni kuvela ku-bioleaching, njengokusebenza okuphezulu kwe-heap leach eChile.

3. I-3-Step Core Logic Yokukhetha Izindlela Zokwenza Inzuzo

3.1 Hlaziya Impahla Zezinto:

  • Izinto ezinomthelela (isib. magnetite) → Ukuhlukaniswa kwemagnethi
  • Amagciwane amancane anokungathintwa (isib. amaminerali kophayini) → Ukuphuma
  • Amagciwane amakhulu anezinga eliphezulu (isib. igolide yendawo, tungsten) → Ukuhlukaniswa kokukhumbula

3.2 Bheka Ikhwalithi Yamaminerali Nokukhululwa:

  • Amaminerali amakhulu aphezulu → Ukuhlukaniswa kokukhumbula noma kwemagnethi (izindleko eziphansi)
  • Amaminerali amancane aphansi → Ukuphuma noma ukuhluza (ukubuyiswa okuphezulu)
  • Amaminerali aphakeme kakhulu → Ukuhlaziya noma ukwenziwa kwe-bio-beneficiation

3.3 Balansiwe Umnotho kanye Nezindleko Zemvelo:

  • Khetha ukwenziwa komkhiqizo ngokomzimba ukuze usebenze amandla aphansi futhi kube nokungcoliswa okuncane.
  • Sebenzisa izindlela zamakhemikhali noma ze-bio kuphela uma izindlela zomzimba zingasebenzi, ubala izindleko nomthelela kumvelo.