Isiphetho:Ukuhlanzwa kwezinsimbi zensimbi kuwumgomo obalulekile embonini yokumba, ehlose ukuhlukanisa izinsimbi eziyigugu ezivela ku-gangue ngokuya ngezimpawu zabo zomzimba noma ze-khemikhali.

Ukuhlanzwa kwezinsimbi zensimbi kuwumgomo obalulekile embonini yokumba, ehlose ukuhlukanisa izinsimbi eziyigugu ezivela ku-gangue ngokuya ngezimpawu zabo zomzimba noma ze-khemikhali. Izindlela eziyisisekelo zokuhlanzwa zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: ukuhlanzwa kwezomzimba, ukuhlanzwa kwekhemikhali, nokuhlanzwa kwe-bio. Phakathi kwalezi, ukuhlanzwa kwezomzimba kusekelwe kakhulu ngenxa yokuba nezindleko eziphansi nokuhlobana kahle nemvelo. Ukukhethwa kwendlela efanele yokuhlanzwa kuncike kakhulu ezimfanelweni zezinsimbi ezihlosiwe, njengokukhanya kwemagnethi, ubukhulu, kanye nomswakama ohlanzekile.

Metal Ore Beneficiation Methods

1. Physical Beneficiation: Isixazululo Esibizi Okuphansi Sokusebenza Kwezimboni Ezibanzi

Ukuthuthukiswa komzimba kuhlukanisa amaminerali ngaphandle kokushintsha ukwakheka kwawo kwemikhakha, kusekelwe kuphela kumahluko ezimfanelo zomzimba. Le ndlela ifanelekile kumaminerali wensimbi akhululekile kalula. Izindlela eziyisisekelo zokuthuthukiswa komzimba zimi kanje:

1.1 Ukuhlukaniswa Kwamagnetic: Ukubuyiselwa Kwadabuliwe Kwezimbiwa Ezihambayo

  • Isimiso Esiyisisekelo:Utiliza umehluko kumagnetism yamaminerali (isb., i-magnetite ikhangwa emkhakheni wamagnetic, kanti amaminerali e-gangue awakhethi) ukuhlukanisa amaminerali e-magnetic nawawungamagnetic.
  • Applicable Metals: Ikakhulu insimbi, manganisi, kanye nemaminerali e-chromium. Kuphawuleka kakhulu kuma-magnetite (okwakha amandla amakhulu) kanye ne-pyrrhotite (okwakha amandla aphansi). Futhi kusetshenziselwa ukususa impure ye-insimbi kumaminerali angenamathe njenge-quartz sand.
  • Key Applications:
    • Izitshalo zokuthuthukiswa kwe-iron ore zisebenzisa ukuhlanganiswa komugqa we-magnetic separation wokuqeda, ukuhlanza, nokuhudula ukuze kuthuthukiswe okuqukethwe kwe-insimbi kusuka ku-25%-30% kuya phezulu kuka-65%.
    • Iziminerali ezinamandla aphansi njenge-hematite ziqala zibhakabhakwe ukuze ziguqulwe zibe yi-magnetite ngaphambi kokuhlukaniswa kwe-magnetic.
  • Izinto ezinhle:Low pollution, low energy consumption, and large processing capacity (single magnetic separators can handle thousands of tons per day).
Magnetic Separation

1.2 Flotation: “Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic” Separation of Fine Valuable Minerals

  • Isimiso Esiyisisekelo:Izinto (abalawuli kanye nabamphuli) zengezwa ukuze zenze insimbi efanele ibe hydrophobic. Lezi zinsalela zixhumana namabhakede omoya bese ziqhubeka ziya phezulu njengefroth, ngenkathi imayini engafanele ihlala kuphulp.
  • Izinsimbi Ezisebenzisekayo:Uphondo, umphakatsi, zinc, molybdenum, igolide, isiliva, nezinye izinsimbi ezincane (ngokuvamile
  • Key Applications:
    • Izenzo ezijwayelekile ze-copper ore: I-sulfide copper flotation ithuthukisa umgubo ukusuka ku-0.3%-0.5% Cu iye ku-20%-25% copper concentrate.
    • Auxiliary gold recovery: For finely disseminated gold, flotation first concentrates it into a sulfide concentrate, reducing cyanide consumption in subsequent cyanidation.
  • Izinto ezinhle:High separation efficiency (recovery rates above 90%), effective for complex polymetallic ores.
  • Izinto ezingalungile:Use of chemical reagents requires wastewater treatment.
Flotation Machine

1.3 Gravity Separation: Exploiting Density Differences to Recover Coarse Heavy Metals

  • Isimiso Esiyisisekelo:Gravity separation utilizes density differences between heavy metal minerals and lighter gangue in a gravitational or centrifugal field.
  • Izinsimbi Ezisebenzisekayo:Gold (placer kanye lode ukubunjwa okukhulu), tungsten, tin, antimony, ikakhulukazi ukubunjwa okukhulu okukhulu kune 0.074 mm.
  • Key Applications:
    • Ukuntshontsha igolide ye-plaser kusebenzisa izigubhu nezinkundla eziyindilinga ukuze kutholakale igolide yemvelo enezinga lokubuyisa elingaphezu kuka-95%
    • Amaminerali e-tungsten kanye ne-tin adlula ekwehleni kwemithwalo njengendlela yokususa ukulahla u-70%-80% we-gangue enedensity encane ngaphambi kokuhudula.
  • Izinto ezinhle:Akunampilo ye-chemicals, izindleko ezisezingeni eliphansi, nemishini elula.
  • Izinto ezingalungile:Ukubuyiswa okuphansi kwemikhono emincane kanye namaminerali anama-density amancane alinganayo.
Gravity Separation

1.4 Ukuhlukaniswa Kwe-Electrostatic: Ukusebenzisa Umehluko Wokuxhumana Kwezimetal Zokugcina.

  • Isimiso Esiyisisekelo:Iziphuzo zezimboni zihlukaniswa ngokuhlukahluka kokuhamba kwezimali (isb., izimboni ze-metal zisebenza, ezingeni ezingenakuthola azisebenzisi) endaweni ye-high-voltage, lapho izimboni ezihambayo zithakazeliswa noma zikhutshwa ngama-electrode.
  • Izinsimbi Ezisebenzisekayo:Imvamisa isetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa izimboni zezimetal ezitholakala kanzima njenge-titanium, zirconium, tantalum, kanye ne-niobium, noma ukuze kucwebezwe ama-concentrate (isb., ukususa i-gangue engahambile ku-copper/lead/zinc concentrates).
  • Key Applications:
    • Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-titanium kumsandulela wemithi: E-Hainan, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-electrostatic kuhlukanisa i-ilmenite ehambayo kwi-quartz engahambile.
    • Concentrate purification: Removing poorly conductive quartz from tungsten concentrate to upgrade its grade.
  • Izinto ezinhle:High separation precision, no chemical reagents.
  • Izinto ezingalungile:Sensitive to moisture (requires drying), low throughput, typically used only as a cleaning step.

2. Chemical Beneficiation: The “Last Resort” for Difficult Ores

When metal minerals are finely disseminated or tightly bound with gangue (e.g., oxidized ores, complex sulfides), physical methods may fail. Chemical beneficiation breaks down mineral structures to extract metals, mainly via:

2.1 Ukukhipha: “Ukuhlangana kanye Nokukhishwa” Kwe-Metal Ions

  • Isimiso Esiyisisekelo:I-ores igcwaliswa ezixubheni zamakhemikhali (i-asidi, i-alkali, noma izixazululo zetshe) ukuze ikhothe insimbi ephakanyiswe esixazululweni sokukhipha (PLS), lapho insimbi ibuyiswa khona (isb., ngokushintsha, i-cementation, noma i-electrowinning).
  • Izinsimbi Ezisebenzisekayo:Igolide (i-cyanidation), isiliva, i-copper (heap leaching), i-nickel, i-cobalt, kanye nezinye insimbi ezinzima.
  • Ukwenziwa Kocwaningo:
    • Ukukhishwa Kwegolide: I-ore efinyeziwe ibhansiwile ne-solutions ye-cyanide; igolide idala i-complex evuthayo futhi kamuva iyashiswa ngothuli lwezinc (ukubuyiselwa ≥90%). Ukungcoliswa kwe-cyanide kufanele kuphathwe kahle.
    • Copper Heap Leaching: I-oxide copper ore enezinga eziphansi (0.2%-0.5% Cu) igcwele nge-sulfuric acid; u-copper uyanyamalala futhi ubuyiselwa nge-solvent extraction kanye ne-electrowinning (SX-EW) njengokuthi u-copper we-cathode (okonga izindleko ze-ore eziphansi).

2.2 I-Process ehlanganisa i-Roasting-Leaching

  • Isimiso Esiyisisekelo:I-Ore iqala ukupheka ezishisayo (300-1000°C) ukuze iguqule isakhiwo sayo (isb., ukufudumala okuvuthayo noma ukuvuthwa okuncane), iguqula imetal eziyinkimbinkimbi zibe ngendlela eyenzeka ukuze kube nokuqhubekela phambili kwe-leaching.
  • Izinsimbi Ezisebenzisekayo:I-Refractory sulfides (isb., nickel sulfide, copper sulfide) kanye ne-oxide ores (isb., hematite).
  • Case Study:
    • Nickel Sulfide Roasting: Guqula i-nickel sulfide ibe i-nickel oxide, elula ukuchitheka nge-sulfuric acid, evitando ukungenelela kwe-sulfide.
    • Refractory Gold Ore Roasting: Ukuze amaminerali aqukethe i-arsenic ne-carbon, ukushisa kususwa i-arsenic (edlula njenge As₂O₃) ne-carbon (engakwazi ukumunca igolide), kuvumela i-cyanidation elandelayo.

2.3 Microbial Beneficiation: Indlela Eco-Friendly Yokuthola Amaminerali Ahlukene

  • Isimiso:Ezinye izitshalo (isb., Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans) ziqukethe i-metallurgical oxidize metal sulfides zibe yizinsalela zezimali ezixazululiwe, kuvumela ukus recuperi kwemali ngoku-ethile—okwaziwa nangokuthi i-bioleaching.
  • Izinsimbi Ezisebenzisekayo:Low-grade copper (e.g., porphyry copper), uranium, nickel, gold (njengoba usizo lokukhipha i-sulfur).
  • Izinto ezinhle:Ukusebenza kwemvelo (akukho ukungcoliswa kwemakhemikhali), izindleko eziphansi (ama-microbes azikhiqiza), afanele ama-ore anikeza i-copper grading elingaphezu kuka 0.1%-0.3%.
  • Izinto ezingalungile:Izinga lokuphendula elibuthakathaka (amasonto kuya ezinyangeni), lithinteka kakhulu ekushiseni nasezimo zemvelo.
  • Izinhlelo Ezijwayelekile:U aproximadamente 20% wokukhiqizwa kwe-copper emhlabeni kuvela ku-bioleaching, njengokusebenza okuphezulu kwe-heap leach eChile.

3. I-3-Step Core Logic Yokukhetha Izindlela Zokwenza Inzuzo

3.1 Hlaziya Impahla Zezinto:

  • Izinto ezinomthelela (isib. magnetite) → Ukuhlukaniswa kwemagnethi
  • Amagciwane amancane anokungathintwa (isib. amaminerali kophayini) → Ukuphuma
  • Amagciwane amakhulu anezinga eliphezulu (isib. igolide yendawo, tungsten) → Ukuhlukaniswa kokukhumbula

3.2 Bheka Ikhwalithi Yamaminerali Nokukhululwa:

  • Amaminerali amakhulu aphezulu → Ukuhlukaniswa kokukhumbula noma kwemagnethi (izindleko eziphansi)
  • Amaminerali amancane aphansi → Ukuphuma noma ukuhluza (ukubuyiswa okuphezulu)
  • Amaminerali aphakeme kakhulu → Ukuhlaziya noma ukwenziwa kwe-bio-beneficiation

3.3 Balansiwe Umnotho kanye Nezindleko Zemvelo:

  • Prefer physical beneficiation for low energy use and minimal pollution
  • Resort to chemical or bio-methods only when physical methods are ineffective, weighing cost and environmental impact