Takaitawa：Jagorar cikakke kan aikin zinariya, yana rufe ginin shuka daga bincike har zuwa aiki. Koyi game da manyan hanyoyin amfanin zinariya kamar cyanidation da flotation don samun riba mafi yawa.

Fahimtar Zinariya

Zinariya, ƙarfe mai daraja da jan hankali na duniya, ya kasance alamar dukiya da kwanciyar hankali tun zamanin dā. A cikin zamanin hakar ma'adanai da tsarin kudi na zamani, zinariya tana aiki ba kawai azaman dukiya mai riƙe ga tsarin kudi ba har ma azaman muhimmin kayan rawani ga masana'antu, aikin zinariya, da masana'antu masu fasaha. Tsarin sa, kyakkyawan ɗaukar nauyi, da juriya ga rust suna sanya zinariya zama kayan karewa mai mahimmanci don dawowa na dogon lokaci da rage haɗari a cikin jarin hakar ma'adanai.

Gold's Natural Forms: Primary and Secondary Gold

Ajiyar zinariya an rarrabe su zuwa manyan nau'i uku, kowanne yana da yanayi na musamman na ƙasa, inganci, da hanyoyin amfani.

Primary Gold

An haɓaka ta hanyar fitarwa kai tsaye da haɗakarwa a cikin duwatsu ko gurguzu yayin mineralization na ƙasa, yawanci ana samun su a cikin duwatsu masu zafi, gurguzu na ruwa, ko jikin canji.

【Vein Gold Deposit 】

  • Mineralogy:Zinariya yawanci tana tare da gurguzu na quartz, pyrite, chalcopyrite, da sphalerite, yana faruwa a matsayin gurguzu masu laushi ko yawan grains da aka rabawa.
  • Typical Regions:Gajimare Witwatersrand (Afirka ta Kudu), Gidan Zinariya na Kalgoorlie (Ostreliya).
  • Process:Babban burtsuwa → Na biyu burtsuwa → Garon kwano → Rabon nauyi → Kayan kwatance → CIP ko CIL shakar carbon

【Kayan Zinariya Lode】

  • Mineralogy:Zinariya da aka sami a cikin dutsen mai wuya, yawanci tare da minera sulfid.
  • Process:Burtsuwa → Garon kwano → Rarrabawa → Kayan kwatance → Cyanidation leaching.

【Kayan Zinariya Disseminated】

  • Mineralogy:Zinariya da aka fitar cikin dutsen da aka rarraba, yana da wahalar ganowa a gani. Gajimare na al'ada: Gajimare na al'ada.
  • Process:Extremely fine particle size, high processing difficulty; requires ultra-fine grinding combined with flotation-cyanidation processes.
Primary Gold

Azuzuwan Zinariya na Biyu

Rukunin zinariya da aka samar ta hanyar yanayin iska, fita, da jigilar ainihin rukunin zinariya.

【Rukunin Zinariya na Placer】

  • Abubuwan Da Suka Fito:Particles na zinariya suna bayyana a matsayin hatsi ko ƙananan flakes, sauƙin ganewa ta hanyar gani.
  • Typical Regions:Rukunan ruwa (Ghana), belt na alluvial na Siberia (Rasha), yanki na Yukon (Kanada).
  • Process:Jig, tebur mai kadawa, spiralin mai tsabta na rarrabuwa bisa nauyi.

【Rukunin Zinariya na Alluvial】

  • Mineralogy:Derived from ancient riverbed or alluvial fan sediments, with uniform particles.
  • Process:Jakar ruwan ko kwandon biki mai juyawa.

【Layi zinariya na Laterite】

Situwa a yankunan tropika/subtropika; ƙananan ajiyar ma'adanai da suka dace da hakar rami.

Abubuwan Da Suka Fito:Lower grade but lower mining costs, ideal for initial projects with limited capital.

Secondary Gold
Karanta Hakanan: Ma'adan Zinariya - Ir 7 da Hanyoyin Fitarwa

Rarraba Ajiya Zinariya na Duniya

Tun daga 2024, jimillar yawan zinariya da ake hakowa a duk duniya shine kimanin ton 3,600, tare da ajiyar ma'adanai da aka kiyasta a kusan ton 59,000. Albarkatun zinariya ana rarraba su sosai kuma ana tarawa a ƙasashe kamar Australia, Rasha, Sin, Kanada, da Amerikar. A halin yanzu, Afirka, tare da kyakkyawan arzikin ma'adanai da manufofin zuba jari masu kyau, ta zama sabon cibiyar zuba jari na hakar ma'adanai a duniya.

``` Gold Processing Plant Construction Workflow

Ginin shahararren gidan sarrafa zinariya aikin haɗin gwiwa ne mai wahala, yana buƙatar babban jari da tsawon lokacin gudanarwa. Dole ne ya bi tsari mai tsanani na kimiyya don tabbatar da yiwuwar fasaha, ingancin tattalin arziki, da bin ka’idojin ESG.

Gold Processing Plant Construction Workflow

1. Bincike

Manufa:Fassara rabon ma'adinai, daraja, da albarkatun don yanke shawara bisa kimiyya.

Manyan Ayyuka:

  • Binciken Kan Hakika:Nazari bayanan ƙasa, taswirori, da rubuce-rubucen don gano makasudin. ```
  • Field Mapping & Sampling:Yi binciken ƙasa na daki-daki.
  • Geophysical/Geochemical Surveys:Yi amfani da na'urorin maganadisu na sama/GPR don gano ajiyar ma'adanai.
  • Drilling:Samun misalan ƙwayoyi don gwaji da kiyasin albarkatu.
  • Resource Estimation:Ƙirƙiri samfurori na 2D/3D suna kiyasta girma, ƙima, da yiwuwar tasiri.

Deliverable:Rahoton Albarkatun Ma'adanai/Ajiyar Ma'adanai.

2. Planning & Design

Manufa:Ƙirƙiri layukan samarwa masu inganci, masu tattalin arziƙi, da tsaro.

Manyan Ayyuka:

  • Feasibility Studies:Kimanta yiwuwar tattalin arziki da kimiyyar fasaha.
  • Permitting & Financing:Tabbatar da izinin yanayi da samun kudade.
  • Design na Ma’adanai:Shirya hanyoyin ababen hawa, hanyoyin shiga, hanyoyin hakowa (buhu-buhuwan/zaren karkashin kasa), Tsarin Cirewa, Tsarin Amfani da Ma’adanai da Tsarin Kankara.
  • Sharar Gida:Gina hanyoyin shiga, abubuwan more rayuwa, da kuma share gagarumin datti.

Deliverable:Rahoton Nazarin Iyawa, Design na Ma’adanai

3. Gina

Manufa:Tabbatar da ginin inganci mai kyau don saurin fara aiki.

Manyan Ayyuka:

  • Saya:Samar da kayan aiki na duniya kamar masu karya, injunan ball, sel na tsarkakewa, manhajojin matsewa, tacewa, famfo, ƙofofi, da tsarin sarrafa kansa.
  • Civil Works:Matakin daidaita ƙasa, hanyoyi, tushe na shuka, ginin tsarin, dam mai farawa don wurin ajiye bulo (TSF).
  • Shirya Kayan Aiki & Kaddamarwa:
    • Shigar da daidaita kayan murku, gini, rarrabawa, ƙara yawan kuzari, da tsarin tacewa kamar yadda tsarin aiki ya tanada.
    • Shigar da bututu, tsarin wutar lantarki, da tsarin sarrafa kansa.
    • Gwajin kayan aiki guda: Tabbatar da aikin kowanne na'ura.
    • Gwajin nauyi: Gudanar da gwanin tare da ma'adinai/ruwan, a hankali ƙara zuwa ƙarfin zane da ma'auni.

Deliverable:Shirya shuka tare da abun shuka.

4. Aiki & Kulawa

Manufa:Aiki mai lafiya, mai dindindin, mai inganci, da araha.

Manyan Ayyuka:

  • Hakowa & Jirgin Hauka:
    • Hako & Tarwatsa:Raba dutsen don hakowa.
    • Rarraba & Jirgin Hauka:Transport ore zuwa shuka ta hanyar masu hakowa/truk.
  • Samfurin: Gudanar da karancin, nika, raba, karfafa, tsarkakewa bisa ga zane. Sarrafa muhimman ma'auni (girman nika, adadin magani, lokacin fitar da ruwa, yawan karfafa).
  • Kula: Kula da kowane lokaci, gyaran kayayyaki, da canjin sassa don rage lokaci maras aiki.
  • Kula da Inganci:Test feed, intermediates, and concentrate; adjust processes to meet specifications. Safety Management: Implement protocols, training, PPE, and emergency response systems.

Deliverable:An cimma targets na samarwa.

5. Sales & Logistics

Manufa:Fast, secure, low-cost value conversion.

Manyan Ayyuka:

  • Quality Assaying:Joint sampling/preparation/assay to determine final grade for settlement.
  • Sales Agreement:Takardun yarjejeniya na dogon lokaci bisa farashin kasuwa.
  • Concentrate Transport:Jirgin mai ruwa/tiyatar/teku tare da matakan kariya don kiyaye inganci.

Deliverable:Revenue realization.

6. Gudanar da Kayan Aiki da ESG

Manufa:Haɗa tsaro, alhakin muhalli, da bin doka na zamantakewa.

Manyan Ayyuka:

  • Fitar da Kayan Aiki:Kayan aiki da aka samar yayin samarwa ana tura su ta hanyar bututun ruwa ko wasu hanyoyi zuwa Wurin Ajiye Kayan Aiki (TSF) don ajiye su.
  • Gudanar da TSF:Ci gaba da sa ido kan tabbataccen santsi, zubar ruwa, da ingancin ruwa; a lokaci guda aiwatar da matakan kare muhalli da suka dace kamar shigar da zaren da ba su da ruwa da gina wuraren magance shara don hana gurbatawa.
  • Tailings Comprehensive Utilization:Tsara ko kuma amfani da tailings cikin gamsasshen tsari don dawo da muhimman abubuwa, ko kuma ayi amfani da su a matsayin kayan gina, don rufewa wuraren da aka hakar, da sauransu, ta hakan suna rage tarin tailings, rage tasirin muhalli, da kuma ƙara amfani da albarkatu.
  • Ecological Rehabilitation:Bayan kaiwa ƙarfin ƙira, rufe da kuma dawo da TSF ta hanyar gyaran tsire-tsire da kuma dawo da tsarin ƙasa.

Common Gold Beneficiation Processes

Zaɓin tsari yana dogara da nau'in yawon ƙasa, girman 'yanci, mineralogy, da tattalin arziki. Manyan hanyoyin suna ƙunshe da Raba Nauyi, Fitar da Hanyoyi, Cyanidation, da Hanyoyin Haɓaka.

Gold Beneficiation Processes

Raba Ƙarfin Ruwan Jiki

Amfani:Ya dace da ajiye wurare da yawon dutsen mai ƙarfi tare da zinariya mai 'yanci mai ƙarfi. yana buƙatar manyan kwayoyi, babban bambanci a tsakanin nauyi, da ƙarancin ƙayin ƙasa (misali, alluvial, ajiye dusar ƙanƙara).

Manufa:Yana amfani da babban nauyin zinariya (~19.3 g/cm³) a idan aka kwatanta da gangue. Raba yana faruwa ta hanyar dabarun ruwa/guyyowar ƙarfi a cikin masu mai da hankali na nauyi.

Typical Flow:

  • 1.Manyan ganin & Tantance (cire duwawu marasa amfani)
  • 2.Karatun nauyin nauyi (Spiral Chute / Jig / Taqa Tashar)
  • 3.Gabatar da ingantaccen mai ma'ana & Kaura → Mai ma'ana zinariya mai inganci.
  • 4.Tailings: Maida ko aika zuwa nutso/cyanidation.

Pros:Farashi kadan, mai sauƙi, babu sinadarai, dawo da kai tsaye: 85%-90%.

Cons:Matsakaicin dawowar zinariya mai laushi; iyakance tasiri ga zinariya mai yawan laka ko rufaffiyar zinariya.

gravity separation

Flotation

Amfani:Hanyar farko don zinariya matsakaici/mai laushi da zinariya mai alaƙa da sulfide (pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite). Ana amfani da shi a cikin ~20% na ayyukan zinariya na duniya don ore na lode ko mai rikitarwa.

Manufa:Exploits differences in surface hydrophobicity. Reagents (collectors/frothers) render gold/sulfides hydrophobic, attaching them to air bubbles for froth recovery.

Typical Flow:

  • 1.Crushing & Grinding (to -200 mesh, 60%-80% passing).
  • 2.Roughing: Add collectors/frothers; produce bulk concentrate.
  • 3.Cleaning: Upgrade concentrate grade.
  • 4.Scavenging: Recover residual gold from tails. 5.Concentrate: Direct smelting or cyanidation.

Pros:Effective for fine/encapsulated gold.

Cons:Complex; requires chemicals; higher operating costs & environmental controls.

flotation

Cyanidation

Amfani:Dominant global gold extraction process (>90% of gold). Suitable for most ores, including low-grade oxides, fine gold, and flotation concentrates.

Manufa:Zinariya na narkewa a cikin maganin alkaline cyanide yana haifar da [Au(CN)2]- hadin gwiwa. An dawo da ita ta hanyar daukar carbon (CIP/CIL) ko kuma fitar zinc.

Typical Flow:

  • 1.Daura & Nika (zuwa -200 mesh, 80%-90% suna wucewa).
  • 2.Cyanide Leaching (CIL/CIP): Zinariya tana narkewa cikin magani.
  • 3.Daukar/Elution: Carbon mai aiki yana daukar hadin zinariya; an fitar da shi & a zabi shi zuwa gashinan zinariya.
  • 4.Smelting → Zincin zinariya mai tsabta.

Pros:Teknoloji mai tasiri; babban dawowar (90%-97%); amfani mai faɗi.

Cons:Waiwaye mai guba (tsarin kula da muhalli mai tsanani); yana buƙatar horo na gaba don ore mai carbonaceous/arsenic (tsirara/POX).

cyanidation

Heap Leaching (Cyanide Heap Leach Mining)

Amfani:Ore oxide mai ƙasa (yawanci 0.5-1.5g/t) tare da zinariya mai sauƙin miling. Yana buƙatar kyakkyawan shaharar (ƙananan ƙura). Manufofi: ROM mai ƙasa, danyen roche, tsofaffin tailings.

Manufa:10000 Tons Heap Leaching Design Don Zinariya Ruwan NaCN mai raɗaɗi yana wuce ta cikin ore da aka tara. Zinariya tana narkewa cikin ruwan ta hanyar mu'amala: 4Au + 8NaCN + O2 + 2H2O → 4Na[Au(CN)2] + 4NaOH An tara ruwan dauke da ciki; zinariya an dawo da ita ta hanyar shigar carbon → elution/electrowinning.

Pros:Low CAPEX/OPEX, low energy; processes marginal grades; flexible/scalable.

Cons:Karamin dawo (60%-85%); dogon lokaci (makonni/watan); juyin kudi mai kansa; yanayi-mai tasiri (sanyi/ruwan sama); shahararren hanyoyi; hadarin muhalli.

cyanidation

Bayani na Darajar Bayan Kammala Fasaha

Inganta darajar albarkatu ta hanyar inganta karancin karfe zuwa kayayyakin masu daraja. Hanyoyin kasuwanci gama gari:

Tallace-tallace na Kwayar Zinariya:Tallace-tallace kai tsaye ga masu narkar da karafa. Gajerun lokacin juyin kudi; guje wa hadarin narka (muhimmanci ga farawa tare da karancin jari).

Gold Dore/Ingot Sales:Hankali na wajen sanyaya/tsarawa → sayar da ingots na al'ada. Yana haɓaka ribar riba; ƙarin iko kan farashi.

Hulɗa da Abokan Ciniki:Aika ƙinƙira/dore zuwa smelter don tsarawa (biyan kuɗi); riƙe mallaka & sassaucin kasuwa.