Itọsọna Iṣelọpọ Wura: Lati Ore si Ọja Ikẹhin

Iṣeduro: Itọsọna pipe si ilana goolu, ti o ni ikole plant lati iwadii si iṣẹ. Kọ ẹkọ nipa awọn ọna pataki ti iṣelọpọ bi cyanidation ati fọọloti fun iṣejade to pọ julọ.

Oye Goolu

Ọla, metal ife ati ọlọrọ julọ ni agbaye, ti jẹ aami ti ọrọ ati iduroṣinṣin lati igba atijọ. Ninu iwakusa ode oni ati awọn eto ináwo, goolu ṣiṣẹ ko nikan bi ohun-ini iduroṣinṣin fun awọn eto monetary ṣugbọn tun bi ohun elo pataki fun iṣelọpọ ile-iṣẹ, ilana ie, ati awọn ile-iṣẹ imọ-ẹrọ giga. Iduroṣinṣin rẹ, ductility giga, ati resistance ipata jẹ ki goolu jẹ aabo pataki fun awọn esi igba pipẹ ati idinku ewu ninu awọn idoko-owo iwakusa.

Awọn ọna Abẹrẹ Ẹyẹ: Wura Pataki ati Keji

Awọn idogo wura ni a pin si awọn ẹgbẹ mẹta, ọkọọkan pẹlu awọn ipo ilẹ-iyẹ, awọn ipele, ati awọn ilana anfani oriṣiriṣi.

Wura Pataki

Gold Ẹ̀kọ́

Itansan Gold Deposit Distribution

Bi ti 2024, iṣelọpọ iwakusa goolu kariaye ni o fẹrẹ to 3,600 ton, pẹlu awọn ifipamọ ti a le wa ni iṣiro ni ayika 59,000 ton. Awọn orisun goolu ti wa ni pin kaakiri ati pe o wa ni ọpọlọpọ awọn orilẹ-ede gẹgẹbi Australia, Russia, China, Canada, ati awọn ẹya ara Amerika. Ni akoko kanna, Afirika, pẹlu agbara minerali rẹ to pọ ati awọn ilana idoko-owo to dara, ti di ile-iṣẹ ti n yọ lọwọlọwọ fun idoko-owo iwakusa kariaye.

Gold Processing Plant Construction Workflow

Ikole ile-iṣẹ jẹ́ iṣẹ́ pataki, ti ó ní ọ̀pọ̀ ẹ̀ka, tó ń bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní àkúnya tó lágbára àti àkókò pẹ́ tó pé. Ó gbọdọ̀ tẹ̀lé ìmúlò ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́nsì tó lágbára láti jẹ́ kó rí bẹ́ẹ̀ gẹgẹ bí ìmọ́ ẹ̀rọ, akitiyan ẹ̀yà iṣẹ́, àti ìfarapa ESG.

1. Àwárí

Àfihàn:Ṣàpèjúwe pinpin irẹlẹ, didara, àti ìkànsí fún ìpinnu ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́nsì.

Ìṣẹ́ pataki:

• Ìwádìí lórí kọ́mpútà:Ṣàkóso àkópọ̀ àlàyé ilẹ̀, maapu, àti ìtàn ohun àmọ̀ràn láti ṣe idanimọ́ ibi-afẹ́.
• Field Mapping & Sampling:Ṣe awọn iwadi geology alaye.
• Geophysical/Geochemical Surveys:Lo awọn magnetics afẹfẹ/GPR lati ṣe awari deposits.
• Drilling:Gba awọn ayẹwo core fun idanwo ati iṣiro orisun.
• Resource Estimation:Ṣẹda awọn awoṣe 2D/3D ti n ṣe iṣiro iwọn, kilasi, ati ṣiṣe.

Deliverable:Iwe iroyin Orisun/Oludasilẹ Eran.

2. Planning & Design

Àfihàn:Ṣe apẹrẹ awọn ila iṣelọpọ to munadoko, ọrọ-aje, ati ailewu.

Ìṣẹ́ pataki:

• Feasibility Studies:Ṣe ayẹwo ọrọ-aje ati imọ-ẹrọ.
• Permitting & Financing:Gba awọn iwe-aṣẹ ayika ati inawo.
• Mine Design:Ṣe eto amayederun, awọn ọna iraye, awọn ọna iwakusa (sẹyìn / ilẹ), Apẹrẹ iyọkuro, Apẹrẹ itọju ati Apẹrẹ awọn iyan.
• Site Preparation:Kọ awọn ọna iraye, awọn ile-iṣẹ, ki o si jẹ ki awọn iná bori.

Deliverable:Feasibility Study Report, Mine Design

3. Ikole

Àfihàn:Jẹ ki ikole to ga julọ fun iṣaṣiṣẹ yarayara.

Ìṣẹ́ pataki:

• Procurement:Iṣowo agbaye ti awọn apaniyan, awọn ẹrọ bọọlu, awọn sẹẹli ifasẹyin, awọn thickeners, awọn faaji, awọn pompu, awọn kẹkẹ, awọn ọna ṣiṣe adaṣe.
• Civil Works:Itunjọpọ̀ ilẹ̀, ọ̀nà, ipilẹ ẹ̀rọ, kiko amayederun, dam ibẹrẹ fun ibi ipamọ awọn ẹru (TSF).
• Fifi Ẹrọ & Iṣẹ́ ibẹrẹ:
  • Fi sori ẹrọ ati tọpasẹ́ ẹrọ ikọlu, grinding, iyasọtọ, ilosoke, ati ẹrọ àfilọ́ gẹgẹ bi ṣiṣan ilana.
  • Fi pipẹ, itanna, ati awọn ọna ẹrọ adaṣe sori.
  • Idanwo ẹrọ kan: Jẹrisi iṣẹ́ kọọkan.
  • Idanwo yük: Ṣe iṣẹ́ pẹlu ilẹ̀/omi, ni irọrun mu pọ si agbara apẹrẹ ati awọn iṣiro.

Deliverable:Ẹrọ ti a fiṣẹ́ pẹlu ounje.

4. Iṣẹ & Itọju

Àfihàn:Ẹ̀kọ́, iduroṣinṣin, daradara, iṣẹ́ kekere-owo.

Ìṣẹ́ pataki:

• Ikọ̀kọ̀ Ikọ̀-mẹ́ta & Gbigbe:
  • Ikọ́lu & Ipa:Ge òkè fun iwẹnumọ.
  • Gbigbọ́ & Gbigbe:Mo ọkọ̀ irin-ajo lati fi ikọ̀kẹ́ sori ẹ̀rọ nipasẹ awọn excavators/trucks.
• Productions: Ṣe afẹ́yinti, grinding, ayẹwo, ibajẹ, iyanrin gẹgẹ bi apẹrẹ. Ṣakoso awọn paramita pataki (iwọn grìnd, akopọ iyọ, akoko ṣiṣi, iwuwo thickener).
• Àtúnṣe: Iwadi deede, iṣẹ́, ati paati rirọpo lati dinku akoko idaduro.
• Iṣakoso Didara:Test feed, intermediates, and concentrate; adjust processes to meet specifications. Safety Management: Implement protocols, training, PPE, and emergency response systems.

Deliverable:Achieved production targets.

5. Sales & Logistics

Àfihàn:Fast, secure, low-cost value conversion.

Ìṣẹ́ pataki:

• Quality Assaying:Joint sampling/preparation/assay to determine final grade for settlement.
• Sales Agreement:Long-term contracts based on market prices.
• Concentrate Transport:Ship via truck/rail/sea with protective measures to preserve quality.

Deliverable:Iṣeduro owo-wiwo.

6. Isakoso Awọn Tailings & ESG

Àfihàn:So aabo, ojuse ayika, ati ibamu awujọ pọ.

Ìṣẹ́ pataki:

• Ifamọra Tailings:Awọn tailings ti a ṣe lakoko iṣelọpọ ni a gbe nipasẹ awọn fẹlẹfẹlẹ tabi awọn ọna miiran si Ẹrọ Ibi ipamọ Tailings (TSF) fun ipamọ.
• Isakoso TSF:Ṣe abojuto iduroṣinṣin ibè, ṣiṣan, ati didara omi ni itesiwaju; ni akoko kanna ṣe imuse awọn igbese aabo ayika pataki gẹgẹbi fifi awọn liners ti ko ni irọrun ati kikọ awọn ohun elo itọju omi idoti lati dena idoti.
• Tailings Comprehensive Utilization:Tun ṣe ilana tabi ni ọna miiran lo awọn tailings ni kikun lati gba awọn eroja to niyelori, tabi lo wọn gẹgẹbi awọn ohun elo ikole, fun ifilọlẹ awọn agbegbe ti a ti gba, ati bẹbẹ lọ, nitorina dinku ikojọpọ tailings, dinku ipa ayika, ati mu lilo orisun pọ si.
• Ecological Rehabilitation:Lọgan ti a ba de agbara apẹrẹ, pa ati tun gba TSF ni ọna ekoloji nipasẹ atunbi eweko ati gbigba ilẹ.

Common Gold Beneficiation Processes

Inú irú yiyan da lori iru ẹyọ, iwọn imukuro, mineralogy, ati eto-ọrọ. Awọn ọna pataki ni Iya Iya, Flotation, Cyanidation, ati Awọn Ilana Ajọpọ.

Ìyànsun Gíráfí

Awọn igbesẹ:O pẹrẹsẹ fun awọn idọti placer ati awọn ẹyọ rock to nira pẹlu wura ti a ṣe free ti o gbooro. O nilo awọn apakan ti o gbooro, iyatọ iwuwo pataki, ati akoonu člay kekere (e.g., awọn idọti alluvial, glacial).

Ilana:O n lo iwuwo giga ti wura (~19.3 g/cm³) vs. gangue. Iya ṣiṣẹ nipasẹ ṣiṣan omi/iyipo iyipo ni awọn akukọ iwuwo.

Typical Flow:

• 1.Ikó ìgbàló & Iwájú (yọ ẹ̀rọ àfojúsùn)
• 2.Ikànsí rẹ́ kọ́mú (Spiral Chute / Jig / Ibi Fó)
• 3.Igbá ìmúpọ̀ & Ìpẹ̀yà → àgbọ́rẹ́ wúrà to gaju.
• 4.Ikó àgbà: Tun hun tàbí firanṣẹ sí flotation/cyanidation.

Pros:Ìye owó kekere, rọọrun, kò ní kemikali, ìtẹ́rẹ́ taara: 85%-90%.

Cons:Ìpinnu dínu ti wúrà to fin; ìmúṣẹ ti o ni ibiti o da lori awọn clapẹ̀\ tylu wúrà tàbí wúrà ti a gba.

Flotation

Awọn igbesẹ:Ọna pataki fun wúrà apapọ/fínṣé àti wúrà tí ó ní sulfide (pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite). A lo ni ~20% ti awọn iṣẹ wúrà agbaye fun lode tàbí awọn orec复杂.

Ilana:Exploits differences in surface hydrophobicity. Reagents (collectors/frothers) render gold/sulfides hydrophobic, attaching them to air bubbles for froth recovery.

Typical Flow:

• 1.Ipa & Ikẹkọ (to -200 mesh, 60%-80% passing).
• 2.Iru: Fi awọn akojọpọ/frothers kun; gbe iṣelọpọ ipilẹ.
• 3.Iwẹnumọ: Gbadun ipele iṣelọpọ.
• 4.Iwẹnumọ: Rẹkọja goolu to ku lati awọn ejika. 5.Iṣedopọ: Didara taara tabi cyanidation.

Pros:Effective for fine/encapsulated gold.

Cons:Complex; requires chemicals; higher operating costs & environmental controls.

Cyanidation

Awọn igbesẹ:Dominant global gold extraction process (>90% of gold). Suitable for most ores, including low-grade oxides, fine gold, and flotation concentrates.

Ilana:Gold dissolves in alkaline cyanide solution forming [Au(CN)2]- complex. Recovered via carbon adsorption (CIP/CIL) or zinc precipitation.

Typical Flow:

• 1.Crushing & Grinding (to -200 mesh, 80%-90% passing).
• 2.Cyanide Leaching (CIL/CIP): Gold dissolves into solution.
• 3.Adsorption/Elution: Activated carbon adsorbs gold complex; eluted & electrowon to gold mud.
• 4.Smelting → Wura to ga julọ.

Pros:Imọ-ẹrọ ti o mature; igbasilẹ giga (90%-97%); itẹsiwaju jakejado.

Cons:Cyanide ti o niyeyeye (ibamu to muna si ayika); nilo itọju-ikko fun awọn iyanrin/arsenical ores (iyẹfun/POX).

Heap Leaching (Cyanide Heap Leach Mining)

Awọn igbesẹ:Low-grade oxide ores (ni gbogbogbo 0.5-1.5g/t) pẹlu wura ti o ni laaye. Nilo ifaramọ to dara (alayika kekere). Awọn ibi-afẹde: Low-grade ROM, aṣiwere, awọn kẹkẹ atijọ.

Ilana:10000 Tons Heap Leaching Design Fun Wura NaCN ti a dilutu n ṣan nipasẹ iyanrin ti a kojọpọ. Wura n yo sinu ojutu nipasẹ iṣe: 4Au + 8NaCN + O2+ 2H2O → 4Na[Au(CN)2] + 4NaOH Ojutu ti o ti ni itọju kojọpọ; wura ti gba nipasẹ ifamọra erogba → ẹlẹsẹ/electrowinning.

Pros: Low CAPEX/OPEX, low energy; processes marginal grades; flexible/scalable.

Cons:Idinku imularada (60%-85%); igba pipẹ (osu/osu mẹta); ṣiṣan owó kẹlẹkẹlẹ; itankalẹ-ibi (tutu/rain); permeability pataki; eewu ayika.

After-Beneficiation Value Realization

Ṣiṣẹda iye ohun-elo nipasẹ imudara ore kekere-ipele si awọn ọja ti o ni iye-giga. Awọn awoṣe iṣowo ti o wọpọ:

Sales Gold Concentrate:Ta taara si awọn smelters. Igbẹkẹle owo kukuru; yago fun awọn eewu smelting (ide fun awọn ibẹrẹ ti o ni ihamọ-owo).

Gold Dore/Ingot Sales:Ni aaye smelting/refining → ta ingots bošewa. N ṣiṣẹda anfani; iṣakoso idiyele to lagbara.

Toll Processing:Ran akopọ/dore si smelter fun refining (san owo); pa awọn ownership & irọrun ọja.